53
LAMPIRAN 3 FOTO HASIL PENELITIAN
3.1 FOTO PERCOBAAN ADSORPSI LOGAM TIMBAL DALAM
LIMBAH CAIR ELEKTROPLATING
Gambar L3.1 Rangkaian Alat Percobaan Adsorpsi
Keterangan gambar : 1. Elenmeyer
2. Magnetic Stirrer 3. Hot Plate
4. Kecepatan pengadukan 1
2
3
4
Universitas Sumatera Utara
54
LAMPIRAN 4 HASIL ANALISA
4.1 HASIL ANALISA KONSENTRASI LOGAM Pb II AWAL DALAM
LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI PELAPISAN LOGAM
Gambar L4.1 Hasil Analisa AAS Konsentrasi Awal Limbah Cair
4.2 HASIL ANALISA KONSENTRASI LOGAM Pb II SETELAH
PROSES ADSORPSI
Gambar L4.2 Hasil Analisa AAS Konsentrasi Akhir Limbah Cair dengan Massa Adsorben Kulit Jengkol 0,5 g
Universitas Sumatera Utara
55 Gambar L4.3 Hasil Analisa AAS Konsentrasi Akhir Limbah Cair dengan Massa
Adsorben 1 g
Gambar L4.4 Hasil Analisa AAS Konsentrasi Akhir Limbah Cair dengan Massa Adsorben 1,5 g
Universitas Sumatera Utara
56
4.3 HASIL ANALISA GUGUS-GUGUS FUNGSI MENGGUNAKAN
SPEKTROFOTOMETRI FTIR
Gambar L4.5 Hasil Analisa Spektrofotometri FTIR Adsorben Sebelum Aktivasi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
57 Gambar L4.6 Hasil Analisa Spektrofotometri FTIR Adsorben Sesudah Aktivasi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
58 Gambar L4.7 Hasil Analisa Spektrofotometri FTIR Adsorben Sesudah Adsorpsi
Gambar L4.8 Hasil Analisa Spektrofotometri FTIR Gabungan
Universitas Sumatera Utara
41
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1] Meena Palaniappan, Peter H. Gleick, Lucy Allen, Michael J. Cohen, Juliet
Christian-Smith, Courtney Smith, Clearing the Waters Oakland: Pasific Institute, 2010, hal 12 - 13.
[2] Duruibe, J.O, Ogwuegbu, M.O.C., Egwurugwu, J. N., “Heavy Metal Pollution
and Human Biotoxic Effects,” International Journal of Physical Sciences, II Mei, 2007, hal 112.
[3] Yahya S. Al-Degs, Musa I. El Barghouthi, Ayman A. Issa, Majeda A.
Khraisheh, Gavin M. Walker, “Sorption of Zn II, Pb II, and Co II using natural sorbents: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies,” Water Research, 40 Mei, 2006, hal
2645. [4]
P. Senthil Kumar, R. Gayathri, “Adsorption of Pb
2+
Ions From Aqueous Solutions Onto Bael Tree Leaf Powder: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Study,” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 44 2009 : hal. 381 [5]
Sukmawati, “Penggunaan Kitosan Manik Sebagai Adsorben Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Pb II dan Cr II dalam Limbah Cair Industri Pelapisan
Logam,” Tesis, Program Magister Teknik Kimia USU, Medan, 2006, hal. 15. [6]
Mario Hendro K., Ratih Sulastiningrum, “Pemisahan Kromium dan Nikel dari Limbah Cair Elektroplating dengan Proses Ultrafiltrasi,” Skripsi, Program Sarjana
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 2011, hal. 1-7. [7]
World Bank, “Polution Prevention and Abatement: Electroplating Industry Effluent bu Agrowaste Carbons”, Indian J. Environ. Health, 424 1998, hal. 145-
150. [8]
Krishan Kishor Garg, Prashant Rawat, Basheshwar Prasad, “Removal of Cr VI and COD from Electroplating Wastewater by Corncob Based Activated
Carbon,” Sciforschen, 11 2015, hal. 1-9. [9]
Horea Bedelean, Andrada Maicaneanu, Maria Stanca, Silvia Burca, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters Using Natural Materials,” MAEGS, XVI
2009 : 179.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
42 [10] U. Adie Gilbert, I. Unuabonah Emmanuel, A. Adeyemo Adebanjo, G.
Adeyemi Olalere, “Biosorptive Removal of Pb2+ and Cd 2+ onto Novel Biosorbent Defatted Carica Papaya Seeds,” Biomass and Bioenergy, XXV 2011 : 2517.
[11] J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, T. T. L. Hoang, “Adsorption and Biological Filtration In Wastewater Treatment,” Waste and Wastewater Treatment
Technologies, Fakulty of Engineering and Information Technology, Sydney, 2012. hal. 2.
[12] Uzami Hamzah,
Rahmiana Zein,
Edison Munaf,
“Kulit Jengkol
Pithecellobium jiringa Prain. Sebagai Biosorben Untuk Penyerapan Ion Logam Pb II dan Cu II dari Air Limbah” Jurnal Kimia Unand, 22 2013 : hal. 1 - 2.
[13] Gusnidar, Yulnafatmawita, Rosa Nofianti, “Pengaruh Kompos Asal Kulit Jengkol Phitecolobium jiringa Jack Prain ex King Terhadap Ciri Kimia Tanah
Sawah dan Produksi Tanaman Padi,” J. Solum, VIII Juli 2011, hal 58 - 60. [14] Dr. Ir. Yul Harry Bahar, “Statistik Produksi Hortikultura Tahun 2013,”
Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura, 2014. [15] Putri Isnaini, Rahmiana Zein, Edison Munaf, “Penyerapan Ion Cd II dan Zn
II dalam Air Limbah Menggunakan Kulit Jengkol Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.,” Jurnal Kimia Unand, 23 2013 : 1 - 2.
[16] Sadia Waseem, Muhammad Imran Din, Saira Nasir, Atta Rasool, “Evaluation of Acacia nilotica As A Non Conventional Low Cost Biosorbent For The
Elimination Of Pb II And Cd II Ions From Aqueous Solutions,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, VII Maret 2012, hal 1091 - 1093.
[17] Dhiraj Sud, Garima Mahajan, M. P. Kaur, “Agricultural Waste Material as Potential Adsorbent for Sequestering Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions - A
Review,” Bioresource Technology, 99 Februari 2008, hal 6017 - 6021. [18] Frisca Febe Lumban Gaol, “Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Biji Jengkol
Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Peningkatan Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin Tikus Putih Rattus norvegicus Jantan
Galur Sprague Dawley yang Diinduksi Aloksan,” Skripsi, Progran Studi Pendidikan Dokter Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, 2014, hal 8 - 11.
[19] Vindi Wiasih, Anggi Permana, Nova Silvyani, Pramita Naily Faizah, “Pemanfaatan “Uje” Kulit Jengkol Sebagai Larvasida Alami Pada Nyamuk Aedes
Universitas Sumatera Utara
43 Aegypti,”, Penelitian, Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa Universitas Dian Nuswantoro,
Semarang, 2013, hal 3. [20] Nurussakinah, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit
Buah Tanaman Jengkol Pithecellobium jiringa Jack Prain. Terhadap Bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli,” Skripsi,
Program Sarjana Fakultas Farmasi USU, Medan, 2010, hal 7. [21] Tiphanie Deblonde, Carole Cossu-Leguille, Philippe Hartemann, “Emerging
Pollutants in Wastewater: A Review of The Literature,” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214 Agustus 2011, hal 442 .
[22] W. S. Wan Ngah, M. A. K. M. Hanafiah, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions From Wastewater by Chemically Modified Plant Waste As Adsorbents: A Review,”
Bioresource Technology, 99 Juli 2007, hal. 3935. [23] Nurhasni, Zainus Salimin, Ita Nurifitriyani, “Pengolahan Limbah Industri
Elektroplating dengan Proses Koagulasi Flokulasi,” Valensi, 31 2013 : hal. 41. [24] Julhim S. Tangio, “Adsorpsi Logam Timbal Pb dengan Menggunakan
Biomassa Enceng Gondok Eichhornia crassipes,” Laporan Penelitian, Program Dosen Pemula Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, Gorontalo, 2012, hal.13.
[25] Leni Narwati Wiji Astuti, “Gambaran Pengolahan Limbah Cair di PT Smart TBK Marunda Bekasi Berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 5
Tahun 2014,” Laporan Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2015, hal 4 - 30.
[26] Fenglian Fu, Qi Wang, “Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewaters: A Review,” Journal of Environmental Management, 92 Desember 2010, hal. 407 -
414. [27] Shivaji Sircar, Adsorption, CRC Press LLC, 2005, hal 1.
[28] Hasrianti, “Adsorpsi Ion Cd
2+
dan Cr
6+
pada Limbah Cair Menggunakan Kulit Singkong,” Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 2012, hal. 25.
[29] Yuliusman, Widodo Wahyu Purwanto, Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, “Pemilihan Adsorben Untuk Penjerapan Karbon Monoksida Menggunakan Model Adsorpsi
Isotermis Langmuir,” Reaktor, 143 2013 : hal 225 - 226.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
44 [30] Siti Tias Miranti, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Bambu dengan Metode
Aktivasi Terkontrol Menggunakan Activating Agent H
3
PO
4
dan KOH,” Skripsi, Departemen Teknik Kimia Universitas Indonesia, Depok, 2012, hal 5 - 26.
[31] Itodo A. U., Abdulrahman F. W., Hassan L. G., Maigandi S.A., Itodo H.U., “Application of Methylene Blue and Iodine Adsorption in the Measurement of
Specific Surface Area by Four Acid and Salt Treated Activated Carbons,” New York Science Journal, 35 2010 : hal. 25 - 26.
[32] Agus Mangiring Siburian, Agnes Sartika Doharma Pardede, Setiaty Pandia, “Pemanfaatan Adsorben dari Biji Asam Jawa untuk Menurunkan Bilangan Peroksida
pada CPO Crude Palm Oil,” Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 34 2014 : hal. 12 - 14. [33] Rusvirman Muchtar. Drs, Msc, Hernandi Suyono, Ssi., Msi., Dasli Noerdin,
Drs, MSc., Silviea Nur Astari, “Penelitian Pendahuluan Pemanfaatan Limbah Pedagang Air Kelapa Muda di Bandung,” Skripsi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, 2010. [34] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of
Activated Carbon,” American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, 1999. [35] Nailul Fauziah, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif Secara Langsung dari Kulit Acacia
Mangium Wild dengan Aktivasi Fisika dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Adsorben,” Skripsi, Program Sarjana Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor, 2009, hal. 6 -10.
[36] SNI, “Arang Aktif Teknis,” Dewan Standardisasi Nasional, 1995. [37] Siti Jamilatun, Martomo Setyawan, “Pembuatan Arang Aktif dari Tempurung
Kelapa dan Aplikasinya untuk Penjernihan Asap Cair,” Spektrum Industri, 121 2014 : hal. 78 - 79.
[38] Amalia Aisha Noer, Awitdrus, Usman Malik, “Pembuatan Karbon Aktif dari Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Aktivator H
2
O Sebagai Adsorben,” JOM FMIPA, 12 2014 : hal. 42 - 46.
[39] Hayan Mao, Dingguo Zhou, Zaher Hashisho, Sunguo Wang, Heng Chen, Haiyan Helena Wang, “Preparation of Pinewood and Wheat Straw-Based Activated
Carbon Via A Microwave-Assisted Potassium Hydroxide Treatment and An Analysis of The Effects of The Microwave Activation Conditions,” Bioresources,
101 2015 : hal 809 - 817.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
45 [40] Allwar, Ahmad Bin Md Noor, Mohd Asri Bin Mohd Nawi, “Textural
Characteristics of Activated Carbons Prepared from Oil Palm Shells Activated with ZnCl
2
and Pyrolysis Under Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide,” Journal of Physical Science, 192 2008 : hal. 93 - 100.
[41] Suqin Li, Liingling Zhang, Baiyi Pan, Guohong Xiong, Daqiang Cang, “Study on Preparation and Charaterization of The Adsorbents With Sewage Sludge,”
Srcosmos, 2010, hal. 1 - 3. [42] Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Norzila Mohd, Nor Hafiza Izzati Wahab, Nurul
Syahirah Zulkfli, Nor Fatin Adila Abu Bakar, “Adsorption of Lead II Ions In Aqueous Solution Using Selected Agro-Waste,” ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, 101 2015, hal. 297 - 299. [43] Jamal A. Abudaia, Muhamed O. Sulyman, Khalad Y. Elazaby, Salah M. Ben-
Ali, “Adsorption of Pb II dan Cu II from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Dates Stones,” International Journal of Environmental
Science and Development, 42 2013, hal. 191 - 194. [44] Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, “Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Republik
Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah,” Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup, 2014.
[45] Bindra Shrestha, Jagjit Kour, Puspa Lal Homagai, Megh Raj Pokhrel, Kedar Nath Ghimire, “Surface Modification of The Biowaste for Purification of
Wastewater Contaminated with Toxic Heavy Metals-Lead and Cadmium,” Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, III 2013, hal. 178 - 180.
[46] Barbara Stuart, Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications John Wiley Sons Ltd,1999, hal. 71 - 86.
[47] John Coates, Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2000, hal. 1 - 15.
[48] Roozbeh Hoseinzadeh Hesas, Arash Arami-Niya, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud, J.N. Sahu, “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Apple Waste
by Microwave-Assisted Phosporic Acid Activation: Application in Methylene Blue Adsorption,” Bioresources, 82 2013, hal. 2950 - 2966.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
16
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1 LOKASI DAN WAKTU PENELITIAN
