a. Objective Data
The objective data were taken from Kindle E-book version of Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember and its Indonesian translation. The original work was
published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books. The work of fiction is 270 pages long. The Indonesian version of City of Ember was translated by
Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009 and is 312 pages long.
The data consisted of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the form of prepositional phrases found in City of Ember. The total number of the
data points from this work was 108, which were divided into 13 data points with the preposition above, 14 data points with the preposition beyond, and 81 data
points with the preposition over. All of these data points are in the form of prepositional phrases only.
b. Affective Data
The affective data were the information gained from the respondents through a questionnaire Sutopo, 2002: 20. They were collected to determine the
equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over with their original texts. In order to get the affective data, the writer conducted a survey with five
respondents. The purpose of the survey was to collect the back translation data. The respondents were five native English speakers who learn and comprehend
both English and Indonesian so that the back translations they performed were considered qualified. They came from different backgrounds, ages, and
nationalities. They were coded as R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5. R1 was a student and
also a teacher from the USA; R2 was a student from the USA; R3 was a British student; R4 was an Australian student; and R5 was a student from the USA. They
were asked to translate 20 data points chosen from Indonesian back into English.
2. Data Collection
In the study, data were collected in two methods; document analysis and
field survey via questionnaire. a.
Document Analysis
In collecting data for this study, the writer started with reading activity. The materials in this reading process were the E-b
ook version of Jeanne DuPrau’s fiction, City of Ember, and the Indonesian translation of City of Ember. First, all
data containing prepositions above, beyond, and over in the source text were highlighted. The writer searched for their Indonesian translations and highlighted
them as well. The writer then identified the highlighted data that were related to the
topic in the study prepositions that form prepositional phrase only and classified them into three different groups of prepositions. Next, the writer typed all data and
gave a number to each data point. For example, the data from the group with preposition above would be
presented like in the table below.
Number of Data Source Text
Number of Data Target Text
1STAbv112
At least then she could have stayed
above
ground, with space and people
around her.
1TTAbv114
Setidaknya dia dapat tinggal di atas tanah,
dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang
di sekelilingnya
Table 1. The Example of the Group of Data with Preposition above
In the numbering assigned to datum 1STAbv112, ‘1’ means the first
data of all, ‘ST’ means it was data from the Source Text, ‘Abv’ referred to above,
meaning it was data with the preposition above, and the other ‘1’ there means the
first data from the group with the preposition above , while ‘12’ is the page where
the data was taken from. The numbering for datum 1TTAbv114 has the same explanation, except for the ‘TT’ there, which means Target Text.
b. Survey
The following method in collecting the data was field survey. After all data both in English and Indonesian were collected and mapped, the writer
conducted a survey with some English native speakers as the respondents and asked them to translate the 20 selected Indonesian data points back into English.
The results of the survey, based on the theory applied, were used to look at the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over to their originals
through the reverse translation method.
3. Population and Sample
The populations of this study were the prepositions above, beyond, and over at the prepositional phrase level found in the Indonesian translation of City of
Ember by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani. The total population size is 108 data points. Next, 20 samples were purposively selected from the population for
analysis. They were chosen not based on the amount of data but to represent each form of those English prepositions’ translations. This sample selection is called
internal sampling Sutopo, 2002: 55 because qualitative research is concerned with emphasizing deep and complete information rather than the amount of data.
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