Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over Tyler and Evans, 2001: 746 Based on the diagrams of the prototypes of the preposition over illustrated in figure 1 above, the spatial relationship is established by at least entities, one is the center of attention and likely to be movable, and the other is the background and referenced to the first. Langacker 1987 stated that these two entities are the object that is located, termed the trajector TR, and the object that serves as a reference point, the landmark LM. The expressions these two entities carry including covering, examining, repetition, trajectory, on-the other-side of, completion, and over and above Essentially, this paper provides several criteria for ordering and ranking linguistic evidence and thereby improves the reliability of judgments and conclusions. To the extent practical, the present study will attempt to integrate some of the findings and methodology exhibited in this paper, particularly including a mix of different formats which aid both in performing analysis and presenting the results intelligibly to readers. It is also relevant to the present study in the way it expands the information about the prepositions over and provides the map of the meanings that preposition has. In this study, however, the object is only English preposition over, while the objects of the current study are English prepositions above, beyond, and over. If Tyler and Evans focus on the polysemy networks of preposition over, the present study discusses and analyzes further how the prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated and mapped into Indonesian. 2. The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic by Imran Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan 2009 The research discusses the translation classification of the English preposition in in Arabic. The writer classifies it into three semantic mapping categories based on the four domains or relationships it has spatial, temporal, area, and state. The writer follows certain theories in mapping the four domains of the source language and then finds the usage of them in the target language. The three semantic mapping categories are Same Domain Mapping SDM, Zero Domain Mapping ZDM, and Different Domain Mapping DDM. The data the writer uses are derived from 75 Iraqi students aged 15-17 years old who are attending an Iraqi secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.