Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition over

Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 52STOvr2510 6 The piece of paper Over The pasted- down scraps Relative position Covering, above 54STOvr2711 2 The plain sheet of paper Over The Instructions Relative position Covering, above 59STOvr3213 8 Part of the blanket Over Her lap Relative position Covering, relative destination 62STOvr3516 Dipping Over Sideways Relative position 63STOvr3616 4 Higher Over His eyes Relative position above 64STOvr3716 4 Rubbed a hand Over His chin Relative position around 78STOvr5119 4 It Over Their heads Relative position above 82STOvr5520 2 Draped Over The back of a chair Relative position 84STOvr5720 3 Slung Over His shoulder Relative position 91STOvr6422 Fallen Over the toppled chair or table Relative position 97STOvr7025 1 High Over Their heads Relative position above 99STOvr7225 4 Spread out Over Their heads Relative position above 101STOvr742 56 Arched Over Them Relative position above 107STOvr802 67 Out Over His hands Relative position, pervasive Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 55STOvr2811 8 Written Over The years Duration 39STOvr1246 All Over The room Duration 50STOvr2310 3 Looks Over Our shoulders Orientation 35STOvr830 Watching Over Us Orientation 53STOvr2610 7 Pored Over It Orientation 65STOvr3816 5 Glanced Over Her shoulder Orientation 66STOvr3916 8 Hovered Over The colored pencils Orientation 67STOvr4016 9 Puzzled Over The patchwork of scraps Orientation 68STOvr4117 3 Bent Over The document Orientation 69STOvr4217 4 Crouched Over The page Orientation 70STOvr4317 5 Bending Over The glued down fragments Orientation 76STOvr4918 4 Looked Over Her shoulder Orientation 79STOvr5219 6 Dawdled Over His breakfast Orientation 80STOvr5319 9 Looking out Over The square Orientation 81STOvr5419 9 Towered Over Her Orientation 86STOvr5920 6 The blind Over The window Orientation 87STOvr6020 9 A shadow Over the thrill of going to the new city Orientation 89STOvr6221 9 Knocking Over Her chair Orientation 90STOvr6321 9 Knocked Over The table Orientation 92STOvr6522 Peered out Over the swarm of people Orientation 96STOvr6925 1 Watching Over Us Orientation 98STOvr7125 1 Driven Over It Orientation 104STOvr772 64 Out Over The hills Orientation Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 106STOvr792 65 Out Over The land Orientation, pervasive 108STOvr812 69 Looking Over The edge Orientation 72STOvr4518 2 Out Over The edge of the path Excess pass, more than 73STOvr4618 2 Her head Over The edge Excess pass, more than 75STOvr4818 3 Dangle Over The edge Excess more than 93STOvr6623 5 Hanging Over The edge Excess pass, more then 95STOvr6824 3 Foot Over The edge of the boat Excess pass, more then 105STOvr782 64 Argued Over Solutions On the object of, concerning, about Table 13. The Meanings of Preposition over Based on the map of the preposition over in Indonesian, there are some cases in which they are translated into different classes of word, and some of them are even untranslated. However, they still carry the same meanings with their source texts. 39 of 81 data with preposition over are translated into several different Indonesian prepositions, sepanjang, di, melalui, ke atas, ke luar, di atas, di dekat, ke, selama, ke arah, segenap, dari, and dari belakang. As Alwi, et.al 1998: 288 mention, the Indonesian prepositions di-, ke-, and dari- are simple prepositions that indicates place, while ke luar, di luar, dari balik, di atas, and di depan are complex prepositions that are formed of simple prepositions and adverb of places. According to Ramlan 1987: 63-71, the preposition di shows a stative location, preposition ke- shows the direction or movement to a targeted location, while according to Muslich 2010 the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located. The preposition ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and preposition dari also has spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession. There are some words that are not included in the types of preposition mentioned by Alwi and Ramlan, sepanjang, melalui, selama, and segenap, but when they are applied in the data, they carry similar meanings to their source texts. There are 18 prepositions over which are translated into verbs, melewati, menaungi, meliputi, menutupi, memandangi, memandang, menekuni, menekuri, tersandung, mengamati, mendekati, mencari, and melihat. In Bahasa Indonesia, according to James Neil Sneddon in Indonesian Reference Grammar, memandang, mencari and melihat are simple transitive verbs that have verb bases but have no affixes other than one of the voice affixes men- if active and di- if passive 1990: 68. As transitive verbs, they express actions toward or over the objects followed the verbs. He also stated that melewati, menaungi, meliputi, menutupi, memandangi, menekuni, menekuri, mengamati, and mendekati are transitive verbs with suffix –i that have the most common function to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to which the action is directed 1990: 84. The verb tersandung, according to Sneddon, is also a transitive verb that behaves like intransitive verbs except it explicitly states that the subject undergoes something unintended, the action often occurring suddenly and unexpectedly 1990: 114. The meanings all these verbs have including movement, passage excess passmore than, relative position location above, covering, orientation, concerning or about. This means that even though they change from prepositions in English into verbs in Indonesian, the meanings and expression they carry remained the same. There are 8 prepositions over which are translated into Indonesian suffix –i. Similar to the case in which the English preposition over translated into Indonesian verbs, when it is translated into Indonesian suffix –i that is attached to a verb, it will form a transitive verb that requires an object. Further, it shows a meaning that the following object is a location of the action Snodder, 1990: 84. Based on the mapping of the preposition over into Indonesian above, there are 16 data points in which the prepositions are untranslated. Though the English prepositions in these data were untranslated, the relationships and the meanings of these data are still the same with their source texts. They can be determined by analyzing the words that structure the whole sentences. The translations mapping of preposition over in Indonesian are sepanjang 2 data, di 9 data, melewati 7 data, menaungi 1 datum, -i 8 data, menutupi 1 datum, memandang 1 datum, menekuni 1 datum, menekuri 2 data, tersandung 1 datum, mengamati 1 datum, mendekati 1 datum, melalui 2 data, ke atas 2 data, ke luar 2 data, di atas 11 data, di dekat 1 datum, ke 4 data, selama 1 datum, ke arah 2 data, mencari 1 datum, segenap 1 data, dari 1 datum, dari belakang 1 datum, and melihat 1 datum. From 81 data, the preposition over is not translated in 16 of them. Like in the case of two other prepositions, above and beyond, when preposition over is translated into the same Indonesian word in several data, only one of them is presented in the table. English Preposition Indonesian Translation Number of Data Indonesian Word Class Over Sepanjang 28TTOvr14 Preposition Di 29TTOvr27 Preposition Melewati 32TTOvr521 Verb Menaungi 45TTOvr1877 Verb -i 30TTOvr320 Suffix Menutupi 54TTOvr27117 Verb Memandang 84TTOvr57221 Verb Menekuni 70TTOvr43187 Verb Menekuri 71TTOvr44190 Verb Tersandung 95TTOvr68243 Verb Mengamati 73TTOvr46192 Verb Mendekati 92TTOvr65242 Verb Melalui 68TTOvr41182 Preposition Ke atas 61TTOvr34152 Preposition Ke luar 75TTOvr48200 Preposition Di atas 36TTOvr938 Preposition Di dekat 34TTOvr733 Preposition Ke 51TTOvr24109 Preposition Selama 57TTOvr30130 Preposition Ke arah 96TTOvr69244 Preposition Mencari 109TTOvr82293 Verb Segenap 49TTOvr2295 Preposition Dari 52TTOvr25114 Preposition Dari belakang 79TTOvr52203 Preposition Melihat 69TTOvr42185 Verb Table 14. The Translation Mapping of Preposition over

B. The Translation’s Equivalence of Prepositions above, beyond, and over

Seen through Back Translation Method In this second section of analyzing data, the writer analyzes the back translation done by five respondents as to whether or not they are equivalent to their originals. The writer focuses on analyzing the prepositions they chose and the meanings in the whole contexts. The survey was conducted in middle of June 2013. Respondents were asked to translate 20 Indonesian data that were chosen from the map into their native language back translation in order to see their equivalence to the original texts. The data used in the survey were chosen based on internal sampling by Sutopo 2002: 55. They were purposively selected not based on the amount of data but to represent each form of the translation of the English prepositions above, beyond and over. To assess or determine the equivalence, the writer follows Nida‘s and Taber‘s Formal Equivalence Theory. According to Nidas and Tabers theory, Formal Equivalence in a translation is when a target text represents the closest meaning and same value to its source text at the level of word or phrase. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. The equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over seen through back translation method also focuses on the equal value of the relationships and expressions. The table below shows the results of the back translation done by five respondents. The number of the preposition chosen by the respondents on each datum is classified to the column of each preposition. Number of Data Data from the Source Text Data from the Target Text The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation Above Beyond Over 36TTOvr938 She bent over The Book of the City of Ember and read a few sentences: Lina membungkuk di atas Buku Kota Ember dan membaca beberapa kalimatnya: - - 5 32TTOvr521 ―I can leapfrog over the trash can‖ ―Aku bisa lompat kodok melewati tempat sampah‖ - 1 4 5TTAbv551 So that meant he was fifty feet underground, with tons of earth and rock and buildings above him. Jadi itu artinya, dia kini berada lima belas meter di bawah tanah, dengan berton ton batu, tanah, dan bangunan di atas nya. 5 - - 51TTOvr24109 Captain Fleery straightened up again and clapped a hand over her heart. Kapten Fleery kembali menegakkan tubuhnya dan menepukkan tangannya ke dadanya. 1 - 3 14TTByn128 ―Beyond Ember, the darkness goes on forever in all directions.‖ ―Di luar Kota Ember, kegelapan tak ada habisnya di segala penjuru.‖ - 5 - 111TTOvr84298 Red juice ran out over his hands. Cairan berwarna merah mengaliri tangannya. - - 4 39TTOvr1253 All over the room, greasy-looking cans and tools littered the floor. Di seluruh ruangan, kaleng-kaleng berminyak dan sejumlah peralatan tampak berserakan di lantai - 1 2 18TTByn541 She could see nothing beyond them but blackness. Lina tak dapat melihat ke luar daerah itu kecuali kegelapan. - 5 - 96TTOvr69244 Lina approached it cautiously and peered out over the swarm of people assembling in Harken Square. Lina mendekatinya dengan waspada, dan mengintip ke arah massa yang berkumpul di Alun- Alun Harken. - - 4 Number of Data Data from the Source Text Data from the Target Text The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation Above Beyond Over 49TTOvr2295 Fear had settled over the city. Rasa takut meliputi segenap kota. 1 - 3 20TTByn771 Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared. Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. - 4 - 50TTOvr23108 A look of puzzlement came over her face. Kebingungan tampak di wajahnya. - - 5 25TTByn12280 Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that. Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud- wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atas nya. 3 1 1 57TTOvr30130 These were the books of Ember, written over the years by its citizens. Inilah buku-buku Kota Ember, ditulis selama bertahun-tahun oleh warganya. - - 5 2TTAbv219 On the street level were shops; above the shops were the apartments where people lived. Di pinggir jalan terdapat toko-toko; di atas toko-toko ada apartemen tempat orang- orang tinggal. 3 1 1 34TTOvr733 Now here was Mrs. Polster again, looming over Lina and pronouncing her message. Sekarang Lina kembali bersama Bu Polster, yang sedang berdiri di dekat Lina dan melafalkan pesannya. - - 4 26TTByn13299 A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop. Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. - 5 - 107TTOvr80291 My eyes swept over the silver hills, … Mataku menyapu perbukitan berwarna perak,… 1 - 4 9TTAbv9184 Above the table were shelves full of bottles of seeds, and boxes of string, wire, and various kinds of powders. Di atas meja terdapat rak-rak berisi botol benih, kotak senar, kawat, dan bermacam- macam serbuk. 3 - 1 Number of Data Data from the Source Text Data from the Target Text The Prepositions Chosen by Respondents in Back Translation Above Beyond Over 28TTOvr14 When the lights were on, they cast a yellowish glow over the streets; … Ketika menyala, lampu-lampu itu memancarkan sinar kekuning-kuningan sepanjang jalan; … - - 5 Table 15. The Result of the Survey from Five Respondents In the first datum , 36TTOvr938 , five respondents back translated the preposition di atas into over, which is the same as its original It shows that Indonesian preposition di atas is back translated equivalently to its source text. In the second datum , 32TTOvr521 , four of five respondents back translated the Indonesian verb melewati into the preposition over, which is equivalent to its source text. One respondent R5 back translated it differently into the preposition beyond. It is not equivalent since the senses of prepositions over and beyond are different when they are applied in the data. The preposition over in ―I can leapfrog over the trash can‖ carries the meaning or sense of movement above-across or passage, while beyond has a meaning of ‗more than‘ when it is put in the same sentence. In the third case, datum number 5TTAbv551 , the preposition above in the source text is translated into Indonesian preposition di atas. It is then translated back into the English preposition above by all five respondents. This means the back translation of preposition over in this third data is equivalent to its original text. In datum number 51TTOvr24109 , three of five respondents back translated Indonesian preposition ke into over. This is equivalent to the original text. One of the respondents R4 back translated it into above, which is also equivalent to its original text since both over and above there have a similar meaning, showing relative position aroundabove. R5, however, does not put any preposition required into this number of data. This is then considered non- equivalent. Datum number 14TTByn128 . All five respondents back translated Indonesian preposition di luar into beyond. This is exactly the same as or equivalent to its original text. In datum number 111TTOvr84298 , the preposition used in the original text is over. Four respondents translated it back into the same preposition, while one of them back translated it into an unrequired preposition. This means that four respondents translated it equivalently, while one of them did not. In the seventh datum , 39TTOvr1253 , the source preposition used is over. Only two respondents R3, R5 translated it back into the same preposition. One of the respondents R4 translated it into beyond, meaning ‗outside of.‘ This is different than the meaning of the preposition over expressed in the context pervasive. The other two respondents R1, R2 translated it into prepositions that are not required in this study. This shows that only two respondents translated it back equivalently, while three of them did not. In datum number 18TTByn541 , the preposition beyond from the source text is translated into the Indonesian preposition ke luar. According to the