In the numbering assigned to datum 1STAbv112, ‘1’ means the first
data of all, ‘ST’ means it was data from the Source Text, ‘Abv’ referred to above,
meaning it was data with the preposition above, and the other ‘1’ there means the
first data from the group with the preposition above , while ‘12’ is the page where
the data was taken from. The numbering for datum 1TTAbv114 has the same explanation, except for the ‘TT’ there, which means Target Text.
b. Survey
The following method in collecting the data was field survey. After all data both in English and Indonesian were collected and mapped, the writer
conducted a survey with some English native speakers as the respondents and asked them to translate the 20 selected Indonesian data points back into English.
The results of the survey, based on the theory applied, were used to look at the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over to their originals
through the reverse translation method.
3. Population and Sample
The populations of this study were the prepositions above, beyond, and over at the prepositional phrase level found in the Indonesian translation of City of
Ember by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien Chaerani. The total population size is 108 data points. Next, 20 samples were purposively selected from the population for
analysis. They were chosen not based on the amount of data but to represent each form of those English prepositions’ translations. This sample selection is called
internal sampling Sutopo, 2002: 55 because qualitative research is concerned with emphasizing deep and complete information rather than the amount of data.
4. Data Validity
In order to guarantee the data validity, especially in the second problem, triangulation techniques were done in this study. According to Metodologi
Penelitian Kualitatif: Dasar Teori dan Terapannya dalam Penelitian proposed by Sutopo 2002: 78, the triangulation techniques applied in this study were source
triangulation and methodological triangulation. Source triangulation is a technique having or involving more than one
respondent to analyze, assess, or collect the same qualitative data. This was done by presenting samples of the data chosen in a survey form and distributing them to
five respondents. They were asked to translate the data into Indonesian. The survey involved participants from different backgrounds, though they all are
native speakers of English who have studied Indonesian. The fact that data translated by different respondents produced different results led the writer to
attempt to find out the reasons for the differences. The following diagram describes the application of source triangulation.
Sources
Figure 2. The Diagram of Source Triangulation
R1, United States, Student, Teacher R2, United States, Student
R3, Britain, Student R4, Australia, Student
R5, United States, Student
