Data Analysis Research Procedure

translated data from respondents, puts them into a table, and examines their equivalence to their original source texts.

A. Translation Mapping of Prepositions above, beyond and over in Indonesian

Based on the data collection of the study the writer mentioned previously, in the mapping process, the writer divides all the populations of data found into three groups – data containing the preposition above, beyond, and over from the source text and their Indonesian translations. The writer then identifies the relationships and expressions those prepositions carry in each data point, both in source and target text. The identification of their relationships and expressions is based on two existing theories on prepositions, a prototype theory from Geeraerts and a theory of prepositional meanings by Quirk et al. The specific translation of the prepositions is what the writer calls mapping, which are also presented in the form of tables.

1. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above

There are 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember and all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian, di atas. In the table below, the writer puts one example of datum with preposition above both in ST and TT. Preposition Number of Data Source Text Number of Data Target Text Above 1STAbv1 12 At least then she could have stayed above ground, with space and people around her. 1TTAbv1 14 Setidaknya dia dapat tinggal di atas tanah, dengan ruang yang luas dan orang-orang di sekelilingnya. Table 6. The Group of Data with Preposition above The meaning of prepositions in English cannot be captured in one or more core definitions consisting of a set of necessary and sufficient attributes cf. Taylor 1988: 300-301, as they are prototypically structured polysemous lexical categories. Based on Geeraerts ‘ prototype theory 2007: 168, there are four hypotheses which concern prototype, one of them being referential. It deals with the attributes or senses shared by the elements words that precede or follow the preposition. The reference for preposition above according to Quirk et al. 1985: 666 is relative position. In those 13 data points, the preposition above expresses the relative position vertically vertical position of two objects, one being that represented by its complement. Combining both theories, the meanings of these 13 data points with the preposition above are presented in the table below. Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 1STAbv112 Stayed above Ground On top of vertical position 2STAbv217 The apartments above The shops On top of vertical position 3STAbv326 Shelves above The refrigerator On top of vertical position 4STAbv444 Storerooms above That On top of vertical position 5STAbv545 tons of earth and rock and buildings above Him On top of vertical position 6STAbv690 The shelf above The coatrack On top of vertical position 7STAbv7115 a foot above his upstretched hand On top of vertical position Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 8STAbv8136 The space above The buildings On top of vertical position 9STAbv9167 Shelves full of bottles of seeds above The table On top of vertical position 10STAbv10239 Space above Her On top of vertical position 11STAbv11240 Appeared above It On top of vertical position 12STAbv12242 Ten feet above Their heads On top of vertical position 13STAbv13255 the silver circle above the highest branch of the tall plant. On top of vertical position Table 7. The Meanings of Preposition above In Indonesian, According to Alwi, et.al 1998: 288, Prepositions are divided into two main types, Simple Preposition Kata Depan Sejati and Complex Preposition Kata Depan Majemuk. They are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. Di- is a simple preposition that indicates place, while di atas is a complex preposition that is formed of a simple preposition and an adverb of place. According to Ramlan 1987: 63-71, the preposition di shows a stative location, while according to Muslich 2010, the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located. Based on the theories of preposition from both sides, English and Indonesian, prepositions above and di atas in those 13 data share similar relationships and meanings. They both express spatial relationships and indicate a place, vertical position, and location. From 13 data points with the preposition above found in the fictional work City of Ember, all of them are translated into the same word in Indonesian, di atas. Since all of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, in the translation mapping of preposition above below, the writer just present one of them. English Preposition Indonesian Translation Number of Data Indonesian Word Class Above Di atas 1TTAbv114 Preposition Table 8. The Translation Mapping of Preposition above

2. Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition beyond

Data with preposition beyond found in the work City of Ember are 14. They are translated into several different words in Indonesian. In the table of the group of data with preposition beyond below, the writer only presents some of them that represent each case of the translation. Preposition Number of Data Source Text Number of Data Target Text Beyond 15STByn 225 She had stood at the edge of the trash heaps and gazed into the darkness beyond the city —the Unknown Regions. 15TTByn 228 Dia telah berdiri di tepian tempat pembuangan sampah dan memandang ke kegelapan di luar kota —Daerah Tak Diketahui. 16STByn 336 Maybe from there it would be possible to see beyond the city, into the Unknown Regions. 16TTByn 340 Mungkin dari sana dia akan bisa melihat ke luar area kota, ke Daerah Tak Diketahui.