knowledge and understanding of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, both in
English and Indonesian, which might further strengthen their translation skills.
The writer also expects that the results of this study can be useful for other researchers to make further analysis dealing with fields of translation from other
points of view.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the above background, the problems of this study are formulated as follows:
1. How are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in Jeanne DuPrau’s
City of Ember mapped in Indonesian translation? 2. How is the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in
Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember seen using the back translation method?
C. Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problems formulated above, this study has the following objectives. The first objective is to see how the English prepositions
above, beyond, and over are translated into Indonesian and how their meanings are classified based on existing theories about prepositions. The second objective
of this study is to review the equivalence of the Indonesian translations seen using the back translation method.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that the writer wants to define in order to avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding or differences in understanding certain
terms in this study. Translation Mapping.
Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan, in The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic, stated that the
conceptual mappings in the translation of English prepositions into Arabic fall into three categories that allow the identification of the semantic mapping of the
English preposition in and its correspondence Arabic prepositions that later can be invoked to characterize the meaning of the English preposition in. 2009: 604-
605 Derived from the definition above, the term translation mapping in this
study refers to the classification of the translations of prepositions above, beyond, and over into Indonesian and their relationships as well as the meanings they
express in certain contexts that are analyzed based on certain existing theories
about both Indonesian and English prepositions. Prepositional Phrase.
Mark Lester in Grammar in the Classroom stated
that Prepositional Phrase is a group of related words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun, noun phrase or pronoun that functions as the object of the
preposition. It usually functions as an adjective, if it modifies a noun, or an adverb when it modifies an adjective or an adverb. 1990: 105-108
Translation. According to Eugene Nida and Charles Taber in their book
The Theory and Practice of Translation , “translation consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the language message, first
in the terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” Equivalence.
From the definition of transla tion above, “the term
equivalence is clearly the main point. In other words, the main problem of translation is to find target language equivalent. Thus equivalence is variously
regarded as a necessary condition for translation”. Baker, 1992: 5-6.
Equivalent effect is defined as similar effect on the Target Text receivers as the Source Text is considered to have on Source Text receivers Newmark,
1988: 48.
Back Translation. According to Harkness and Glusberg, in their study
of Questionnaires in Translation, back translation is considered a translation
assessment toolprocedure instead of a translation method. It involves the translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the originalsource
language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess translation work Werner and Campbell, 1970. They also suggest back translation
can be used for translator assessment. According to Mildred L. Larson in Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide
to Cross-Language Equivalence, back translation is a way to check translation quality by having someone else who is truly bilingual in the source and target
languages to take the translation and to write out the meaning heshe gets from it
back into the source language 1984: 490
8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is a review of related studies previously by other writers. It explains the topic of the studies and
which parts are relevant or even different to the topic of this study. The second part is a review of related theories that are relevant to the present study. It consists
of the theories used in analyzing the matters discussed and how they suit this study. The last part is the theoretical framework. It deals with the contribution of
the theories in solving the problems of the study.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans 2001
The first related study is Reconsidering Prepositional Polysemy Networks: The Case of over by Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans 2001: 746,
provides sophisticated visual representations and creates a “semantic network”
both textually and visually for the preposition “over” as follows:
Figure 1. Semantic Network of Preposition over Tyler and Evans, 2001: 746
Based on the diagrams of the prototypes of the preposition over illustrated in figure 1 above, the spatial relationship is established by at least
entities, one is the center of attention and likely to be movable, and the other is the background and referenced to the first. Langacker 1987 stated that these two
entities are the object that is located, termed the trajector TR, and the object that serves as a reference point, the landmark LM. The expressions these two entities
carry including covering, examining, repetition, trajectory, on-the other-side of, completion, and over and above
Essentially, this paper provides several criteria for ordering and ranking linguistic evidence and thereby improves the reliability of judgments and
