Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

conclusions. To the extent practical, the present study will attempt to integrate some of the findings and methodology exhibited in this paper, particularly including a mix of different formats which aid both in performing analysis and presenting the results intelligibly to readers. It is also relevant to the present study in the way it expands the information about the prepositions over and provides the map of the meanings that preposition has. In this study, however, the object is only English preposition over, while the objects of the current study are English prepositions above, beyond, and over. If Tyler and Evans focus on the polysemy networks of preposition over, the present study discusses and analyzes further how the prepositions above, beyond, and over are translated and mapped into Indonesian. 2. The Conceptual Mapping of the English Preposition in into Arabic by Imran Ho-Abdullah and Amna Hasan 2009 The research discusses the translation classification of the English preposition in in Arabic. The writer classifies it into three semantic mapping categories based on the four domains or relationships it has spatial, temporal, area, and state. The writer follows certain theories in mapping the four domains of the source language and then finds the usage of them in the target language. The three semantic mapping categories are Same Domain Mapping SDM, Zero Domain Mapping ZDM, and Different Domain Mapping DDM. The data the writer uses are derived from 75 Iraqi students aged 15-17 years old who are attending an Iraqi secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In the conclusion, the writer points out that cross-linguistically, prepositions are a part of English and Arabic language constituents that exert influence on both languages. Therefore, using translation as a method might draw attention to the manipulation of language and to the fact that translation to Arabic may be mapped differently. In this research, the method of the study the writer used is similar to the current study. It also has relevancy in the context of translating foreign prepositions into native prepositions and in the way it involves some respondents as one part of the methods the writer uses in conducting the study. While the object of this research is the preposition in and the research mentions that the differences in both languages that sometimes lead to errors in translation, the writer of the current study will only translate the English prepositions above, beyond, and over, map, and analyze them based on certain theories. The final mapping result of this study is also different from the current study. This study maps the translation of the preposition in based on the relationships it has, while the present study maps the translation of the prepositions above, beyond, and over based on their meanings in certain contexts.

3. Back Translation as Means of Giving Translators a Voice by Uldis Ozolins

2009 This study presents an overview of various aspects and challenges faced in back translation “blind” translation of the target language text back into the source language to compare the target translation‟s fidelity with the original source, both from a theoretical perspective and based on a specific medical translation project that involved forward and back translation of detailed medical surveys. The author presents common objections to the common methodology and practice of back translation and attempts to demonstrate positive aspects that had not been addressed in previous studies. Aside from issues specific to the medical field, the author lists several aspects that are simultaneously benefits and complications of back translation, namely inevitable shifts in meaning due to differing grammatical and conceptual frameworks in different languages. Specifically mentioned are differences related to tense, number, gender, “scales of intensity” differing gradations with regard to severity, probability, etc., fundamental differences in phrasing e.g., placement of noun modifiers, and cases where idiomatic usage in either language requires the addition or omission of words absent in the other e.g., some languages lack an equivalent to English “some”. This study is about Back Translation, which is also part of the present study. It is relevant to the current study primarily because it provides examples of issues that must be considered when performing and assessing back translations and judging equivalence between source and target texts. However, the object of both studies is quite different. The object in this study is related to medical field, while the current study has the objects from linguistic field, the English prepositions above, beyond, and over.