a. A source text in one language Source Language Text One, SLT1 is translated into another language Target Language Text, TLT.
b. The TLT is translated back into the language of SLT1 by a second translator, unfamiliar with the SLT1 and uninformed that there is an SLT1. This second
translation, the back translation, is SLT2.
c. SLT1 is compared to SLT2.
d. On the basis of differences or similarities between SLT1 and SLT2, conclusions are drawn about the equivalence of TLT to SLT1.
The more identical SLT1 and SLT2 are, the greater the equivalence between the TLT and the SLT1 is considered to be. It implies that the quality of
the translation is good. In the case of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, to assess whether their back translations are equivalent or not, it is necessary to look
at their meanings or messages they carry both in the original source texts and their back translations.
C. Theoretical Framework
This study aims at answering the problems that have been stated previously. In this part, the application of the theories on the study will be
explained. Theories on spatial relationships, the meanings of preposition, and theories on types of Indonesian preposition are applicable to answer the first
problem question. There are four theories of preposition applied in this study. They are the Prototype Theory by Geeraets 1989, Prepositional Meanings in A
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Randolph Quirk, Sidney
Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik, and theories on Type of Indonesian Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan. Prototype Theory and Prepositional Meanings
in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language are applied to determine the meanings and expressions the prepositions above, beyond, and over carry,
while theories on Type of Indonesian Preposition by Alwi, and Ramlan are bases for the writer to compare the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and
over after they are translated into Indonesian. The second question deals with the effects of the translation equivalence
of English prepositions above, beyond, and over which have been translated into Indonesian back to the original language. The Theory of Equivalence by Nida and
Taber 1992 and Theory of Back Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg 1998 are applicable to assess the back translations
equivalence since the definition of equivalence and back translation are required as the basic understanding of the topic being discussed in this study.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
In the field of translation studies, the current study applies the research area of text analysis and translation which focuses on classifying and analyzing
the prepositions above, beyond, and over in the City of Ember as the source text and their translations in Indonesian. These Indonesian translations will later be
translated back into English by some chosen respondents to find out whether or not they exhibit good equivalence with their original texts.
B. Object of the Study
The objects analyzed in this study are the English prepositions above, beyond, and over in the Kindle E-book version of
Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember
which was published in 2003 by Random House Children’s Books and their Indonesian version which was translated by Sujatrini, Reno, and Rien
Chaerani and published by Mizan Fantasi in 2009. Jeanne DuPrau’s City of Ember is a work of science fiction that is very
powerful because it taps into one of humans ’ biggest fears, darkness. It is written
in 18 chapters and it was first published in 2003. The writer of the book portrays a dying and isolated city surrounded by darkness. The two young characters, Lina
Mayfleet and Doon Harrow, are trying to save their lives and the people of Ember by finding a way to leave their undergrounded city that is breaking down.
C. Method of the Study
The methods used in this study were both field and library research. Library research was required to get all information through books and websites
about the focus of the study, including the theories relevant to the study. As part of the library research, the writer read not only both the English and Indonesian
versions of City of Ember, but also a number of related studies and theories. The knowledge gained from this process provided a strong foundation to construct the
survey to support the results of the study. The field research was employed in the form of a survey using the back
translation method to determine the equivalence of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over, which were translated into Indonesian, with their
original texts. The respondents of this study were foreign students from speaking English countries specifically USA, Australia, and England, who have good
comprehension of Indonesian. The data in this study were primary data, meaning no data were taken
from other studies. The writer collected the data consisting of the English prepositions above, beyond, and over and their translations only from the work of
City of Ember written by Jeanne DuPrau and its Indonesian version.
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
The data in this study were divided into two groups:
