Translation Mapping and the Meanings of Preposition above

Preposition Number of Data Source Text Number of Data Target Text Beyond 20STByn 762 Out beyond the trash heaps, a figure appeared. 20TTByn7 71 Dari balik tumpukan sampah, muncul sesosok manusia. 21STByn 894 The chewed bits were beyond saving —they were almost a paste. 21TTByn8 104 Potongan-potongan yang dikunyah tak dapat diselamatkan — potongan itu sudah seperti gumpalan lem. 23STByn 10244 But a few steps farther along, she found she could stand up straight again, and a few steps beyond that she turned a corner ,… 23TTByn1 0270 Namun, beberapa langkah di depan, Lina ternyata bisa kembali berdiri tegak, dan beberapa langkah sesudah nya dia melewati sebuah sudut,… 25STByn 12253 Down the slope was a tumble of dark, rounded shapes, and then another slope rose beyond that. 25TTByn1 2280 Di bawah lereng terdapat wujud- wujud gelap dan bulat, dan kemudian ada tanjakan lain di atas nya. 26STByn 13268 A few feet beyond their shoes was a sheer, dizzying drop. 26TTByn1 3299 Beberapa meter di depan kaki mereka tampak sebuah jurang terjal yang memusingkan. Table 9. The Group of Data with Preposition beyond To find out the meaning and relationship the preposition beyond carries in those 14 data points, it is necessary to see other words that structure them. Quirk et al. mention the references of the preposition beyond 1985: 666 and determine its meanings seen from the relation of the semantic categories to their usual syntactic functions 1985: 673. References for the preposition beyond are orientation on the far side of and exception except for. Geeraerts and Taylor have stated in their Prototype Theory that prepositions cannot be described by their polysemous senses and meanings alone because those might be different in different contexts. Geeraerts points out four hypotheses which concern prototype: physiological, referential, statistical, and psychological. Combining these two theories, the meanings of 14 data with preposition beyond above, are presented in the following table. Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 14STByn125 The darkness Beyond Ember Location, outside of referential 15STByn225 The darkness Beyond The city Location, outside of referential 17STByn436 The lighted windows of the buildings Beyond Harken Square Location, outside of referential 18STByn536 Nothing Beyond Them Location outside of physiological sense 27STByn14269 Immense darkness Beyond The edges Location, outside of referential 19STByn658 Nothing Beyond The trash heaps Location, on the other side of referential 25STByn12253 Rose Beyond That Location, On top of referential 26STByn13268 A few feet Beyond Their shoes Position, in front of physiological sense 16STByn336 To see Beyond The city Direction, outside of physiological sense 20STByn762 Out Beyond The trash heaps The source direction, from the other side of referential Number of Data Object precede the preposition Preposition Object follow the preposition Meaning 21STByn894 The chewed bits Beyond Saving Out of reach from psychological sense 22STByn9174 Out Beyond Ember Movement direction to the outside of referential 23STByn10244 A few steps Beyond That After psychological sense 24STByn11252 a land vast and spacious Beyond Any of their dreams Far from psychological sense Table 10. The Meanings of Preposition beyond While in Indonesian, based on Alwi, et.al 1998: 288, Prepositions are divided into two main types, Simple Preposition Kata Depan Sejati and Complex Preposition Kata Depan Majemuk. They are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent. Di-, ke-, and dari- are simple prepositions that indicate place, while ke luar, di luar, dari balik, di atas, and di depan are complex prepositions that are formed of simple prepositions and adverb of places. According to Ramlan 1987: 63-71, the preposition di shows a stative location and the preposition ke- shows the direction or movement to a targeted location, while according to Muslich 2010 the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located. The preposition ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and the preposition dari also has spatial relationship that shows the source direction or location and sometimes possession. There are two data points with the preposition above that are translated into tak dapat 21TTByn8104 and sesudah 23TTByn10270 . Seen from what Alwi and Ramlan state about Indonesian prepositions, both tak dapat and sesudah are not included in their theories but based on the theories of preposition from both sides, English and Indonesian, the translations of preposition beyond into ke luar, di luar, dari balik, tak dapat, sesudah, di atas, and di depan in those 14 data points shared similar relationships and meanings. They both express spatial relationships, orientation, and indicate a place or location, movement, and source direction. Prepositional phrases with the preposition beyond found in the work City of Ember form 14 data points. They are translated into several different words in Indonesian such as ke luar 3 data, di luar 6 data, dari balik 1 datum, tak dapat 1 datum, sesudah 1 datum, di atas 1 datum, and di depan 1 datum. In the table of translation mapping of preposition beyond below, when preposition above is translated into same word in several data, the writer only presents one of them. English Preposition Indonesian Translation Number of Data Indonesian Word Class Beyond Ke luar 16TTByn340 Preposition Di luar 14TTByn128 Preposition Dari balik 20TTByn771 Preposition Tak dapat 21TTByn8104 Modal Sesudah 23TTByn10270 Preposition Di atas 25TTByn12280 Preposition Di depan 26TTByn13299 Preposition Table 11. The Translation Mapping of Preposition beyond