destination, static pervasive, motion pervasive, accompanying circumstances, „more than,‟ duration, and subject matter on the object of.
Similar to the first theory by Geeraerts, the present study also uses this theory to determine the meanings of the prepositions above, beyond, and over
carry in all data by looking at the words structured them.
3. Types of Prepositions in Bahasa Indonesia
a. According to Alwi, et.al 1998: 288, in Indonesian there are two main types of preposition, Simple Preposition Kata Depan Sejati and Complex Preposition
Kata Depan Majemuk. Indonesian prepositions are used to indicate a relation of meaning between the front constituent and the back constituent.
i. Simple prepositions They are di, ke, and dari. These three simple prepositions are used to
relate words and show the relationships between words they connect. Semantically, prepositions in Indonesian have some common meanings, they are:
1. Place: di, ke, dari, sampai, antara 2. Allocation: bagi, untuk, buat, guna
3. Cause: karena, sebab, lantaran 4. Participation or manner: dengan, sambil, beserta, bersama
5. Participant: oleh 6. Time: pada, hingga, sampai, sejak
7. Situation: tentang, mengenai 8. Possession: dari
Alwi, dkk, 1998: 295
ii. Complex Prepositions They are di atas, ke sana, dari sana, etc. They are simple prepositions
followed by an adverb of place.
b. According to Ramlan 1987: 63-71, the preposition ke is used to indicate the direction or movement to a targeted location while the preposition di shows a
stative location. According to Muslich 2010, the preposition di expresses the spatial relationship of place or location where the object is located, the preposition
ke shows the spatial relationship of direction into a location or position, and the preposition dari also has a spatial relationship that shows the source direction or
location and sometimes possession. Based on these types and classification of Indonesian prepositions, the
back translation of English prepositions above, beyond, and over in City of Ember can be determined by the meanings or senses they have which are structured from
other words they connect.
4.
Theories of Equivalence
According to Nida and Taber, there are two types of equivalence, namely formal and dynamic equivalent - they attempt to produce on their readers an effect
as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. cf. Nidas
dynamic eq..
Formal equivalence – “a TL item which represents the closest equivalent
of a SL word or phrase. It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content.
” It focuses on the message in the TL that has a similar structure word level to its ST, which contributes a strong influence in determining its
accuracy. In Kollers framework of equivalence, formal equivalence is described in the situation when SL and TL words have similar orthographic or phonological
features Koller in Hatim, 2001: 28
Dynamic equivalence – “a translation principle according to which a
translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same impact on the TL audience as the original wording
did upon the ST audience. ” If formal equivalence focuses on the structure in order
to seek the closest message or translation of a text, dynamic equivalence focuses on finding the TT message and effect on the TT readers as similar as in the ST. It
is not only about the accuracy of conveying the ST message but also the naturalness of the TT.
To assess the back translation equivalence of the prepositions above, beyond, and over, Nidas
and Taber‟s formal equivalence is more suitable since it sees the accuracy of a translation from the structure of the TT that should be as
close as possible to the ST.
5. Theories of Back Translation
In a study of Questionnaires in Translation by Janet A. Harkness and Alicia Schoua-Glusberg 1998, they point out that back translation is considered
a translation assessment toolprocedure instead of a translation method. It involves the translation of a text, which itself is a translation, back into the originalsource
language and it is most commonly used and recommended as a way to assess translation work Werner and Campbell 1970.
According to Harkness and Glusberg, back translation functions as a way to comparecontrast and assess the back translation with the source text so that the
quality of a translation can be revealed. They provide the steps or methods of back translation, which are:
