8 be the bilingual person that uses both of languages the same as monolinguals do
as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 6. So two languages are used in their daily life as the monolinguals use their language. Macnamara 1967 points out a definition of
bilingual as a person who has an ability in mastering the second language through some skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing as cited in Hamers
and Blanc, 2000, p. 6. The person who is trusted as the bilingual should understand how to use the language through those skills. Weinrich 1963
proposes a definition of bilingualism that is “the practice of alternatively using
two languages” as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 5. Appel Muysken 2006 distinguish bilingualism into two types. The
first type is societal bilingualism, it occurs „when a given society two or more
languages are spoken.‟ The second type is individual bilingualism which determines whether the individual is considered as bilingual or not is far from
simple.
b. Function of Bilingualism
As pointed out by Colin 1985, the bilingualism has a function that relates to the relationship of individual with another as cited in Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education, 1996, p. 2034. Colin states that the function of bilingualism relates to the situation of people who talk
in two languages. It is also described that bilingual concerns to the context of communication to whom they speak with in order to gain the role of relationship.
9
2. Code-switching
a. Definition
Code-switching is the phenomenon happen in the bilingual community. According to Meisel 1994 , code-switching
is an individual‟s ability to the language use in which has the relation with the interlocutor, the situation, the
context of conversation and many other factors that relate to the function of language use and choice which do not violate the grammar constraints as cited in
Cantone, 2007, p. 57. Furthermore, Meisel 1994 also states that code-switching is the two languages that are used by an individual to speak both languages within
a sentence and sentences. Code-switching may vary the linguistic context and also relates to social
environment of the bilingual. Labov 1971 defines code-switching as “the
irregular mixture of two distinct systems” as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 61. Several of studies later about adult code-switching result that grammatical rules
and linguistic behavior can influence the code-switching. Code-switching is not just only mixing of two languages. There are factors that bound the language
mixing. Language mixing is also related to the linguistic behavior between two
languages. According to Meisel 1994, code mixing is defined as the lack of pragmatics and grammar in child speech due to the pragmatics and grammatical
competence has not been developed yet as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 23. The term code mixing is related to the child mixing while the code-switching refers to
the adult mixing. However, Genesse 1995 points out that code-mixing can be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
