Research Questions Problem Limitation

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains theories underlie and relate to the research. There are two parts that are provided in this chapter, namely theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description provides theories that underlie the research as the supporting theories to do this research while theoretical framework provides the theories used by the researcher in underlying and relating it to answer the questions of this research.

A. Theoretical Description

1. Bilingualism

a. Definition

Bilingualism is one of the sociolinguistic phenomena which happens in everyday life. Grosjean 1982 states that bilingualism is a situation in which the individual accustoms to speak two languages. He elaborates the bilingualism most in the language use of an individual rather than only focusing on the fluency of using both languages. Bloomfield 1935 states that bilingual means the native- like who speak both languages are able to use and control the languages as cited in Hamers Blanc, 2000, p. 6 Fishman 1967 points out bilingual as individual‟s ability to use more than only one language as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 2. Grosjean focuses on the study of adults bilinguals. He states that in order to analyze adult bilingual, it must PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 be the bilingual person that uses both of languages the same as monolinguals do as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 6. So two languages are used in their daily life as the monolinguals use their language. Macnamara 1967 points out a definition of bilingual as a person who has an ability in mastering the second language through some skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing as cited in Hamers and Blanc, 2000, p. 6. The person who is trusted as the bilingual should understand how to use the language through those skills. Weinrich 1963 proposes a definition of bilingualism that is “the practice of alternatively using two languages” as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 5. Appel Muysken 2006 distinguish bilingualism into two types. The first type is societal bilingualism, it occurs „when a given society two or more languages are spoken.‟ The second type is individual bilingualism which determines whether the individual is considered as bilingual or not is far from simple.

b. Function of Bilingualism

As pointed out by Colin 1985, the bilingualism has a function that relates to the relationship of individual with another as cited in Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education, 1996, p. 2034. Colin states that the function of bilingualism relates to the situation of people who talk in two languages. It is also described that bilingual concerns to the context of communication to whom they speak with in order to gain the role of relationship.