Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

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2. Code-switching

a. Definition

Code-switching is the phenomenon happen in the bilingual community. According to Meisel 1994 , code-switching is an individual‟s ability to the language use in which has the relation with the interlocutor, the situation, the context of conversation and many other factors that relate to the function of language use and choice which do not violate the grammar constraints as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 57. Furthermore, Meisel 1994 also states that code-switching is the two languages that are used by an individual to speak both languages within a sentence and sentences. Code-switching may vary the linguistic context and also relates to social environment of the bilingual. Labov 1971 defines code-switching as “the irregular mixture of two distinct systems” as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 61. Several of studies later about adult code-switching result that grammatical rules and linguistic behavior can influence the code-switching. Code-switching is not just only mixing of two languages. There are factors that bound the language mixing. Language mixing is also related to the linguistic behavior between two languages. According to Meisel 1994, code mixing is defined as the lack of pragmatics and grammar in child speech due to the pragmatics and grammatical competence has not been developed yet as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 23. The term code mixing is related to the child mixing while the code-switching refers to the adult mixing. However, Genesse 1995 points out that code-mixing can be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 10 referred to the code-switching as cited in Cantone, 2007, p. 58. Hamers and Blanc 2000 state that there are no absolute differences between code-switching and code-mixing as both of them refer to the strategy to the bilingual speaker, in the sense that it is a fact language, in which monolinguals can use it. It is also mentioned that code-mixing can also show the lack of lexical item.

b. Types of Code-switching

There are types of code-switching that have been elaborated by the experts. Hughes, Shaunessy, Brice, Ratliff, and Mchatton 2006 mention three types of code-switching, namely borrowing, calque, and inter-sentential switching. Those types are explained below: 1 Borrowing Borrowing is using the single word from a language different from the first language. It is categorized as similar in the grammatical usage. The use of borrowing of single words can elaborate the meanings that the second language does not have or capture the point in which the listener could respond. Borrowing also requires in a specific word to be used. For instance: A : Bueno bye Goodbye In this case, the use of Spanish word captures humor while the single word of English does not. The term “bueno” is not available in the primary language. 2 Calque Calque is a literal expression from another language without using the appropriate syntax. It is considered as the literal translation of one language to another without the use of second language grammar. For instance, the English PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 11 word “ superman” is translated into the German word “ ubermensch”. The word is literally translated without use the appropiate second language grammar and syntax. 3 Inter-sentential switching Inter-sentential code-switching is interjecting an entire sentence or phrase from one language to another. This type of code-switching could serve to stress the point that is made in the other language. It requires the speaker to control the two linguistic systems simultaneously. For instance: A : Abora es buena hora paradormer It is now a good time to sleep. Turns off the lights. In the previous research, Poplack 1981 has categorized types of code- switching; there are three types of code-switching. Those types are: 1 Tag switching The first type of code-switching is tag-switching. Tag switching happens when the bilingual uses tag as the switching language e.g. you know, I mean, right, etc. This type of code-switching requires minimum risk to harm the grammatical rules of both languages. For instance: A: Yeay aku menang I win The word “ Yeay” is considered as English word. In this example, the speaker switches the word “Yeay” to Bahasa Indonesia sentence, “ I win”. 2 Inter-sentential switching The second type of code-switching is the inter-sentential switching. Inter- sentential switching happens on the phrase in sentence level. The last type PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI