17 Poplack
‟s 1981 perspective to make deep understanding of some types of code- switching
. Poplack‟s 1981 and McArthur‟s 1998 have the same perspectives to the types of code-switching; those types are inter-sentential switching, intra-
sentential switching, and tag switching. The researcher also uses one of the theories that are provided by many
experts. It may be different from one another‟s use of code-switching. This research discusses the code-switching that happened in the bilingual classroom
when learning the foreign language. In the classroom, the teacher is the model and resource to the students to learn, especially for the students who are still in early
age. The teacher is expected to be able to enact the students in understanding the material well.
There are some functions of code-switching presented by experts. The researcher uses the functions of code-switching that are proposed by Mattson and
Burenhult 1999 since those functions of code-switching mostly used in the teaching activities. Those functions are topic switch function, affective function,
and repetitive function. All those functions are related to the use of code- switching in the bilingual classroom. Therefore, the researcher analyzed the code-
switching of the teacher in SDN Serayu Yogyakarta using Mattson and Burenhult
‟s theory 1999. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the method that is used in this research. This research consists of four parts which are research method, research
subject, research instruments, and data analysis technique.
A. Research Method
The researcher uses qualitative research as the method for this research. Creswell 2014 defines qualitative research as an inquiry process of
understanding based on the distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. Furthermore, Creswell 2014 also states that
qualitative research is conducted a study in the natural setting. Therefore, the researcher conducted the research in SDN Serayu Yogyakarta in some classes
which were considered as a part of the natural setting. The research is a discourse analysis. According to Stark and Trinidad
2009, discourse analysis concerns on the language use. The goal of discourse analysis is to understand how people use language. In the discourse analysis, the
participant is observed in conversation in the natural environment. In this case, this research was about the languages that were used by the teacher. The aims of
this research were to find the types and the functions of code-switching which were used by the teacher in the classroom.
19
B. Research Setting
The research was conducted in SDN Serayu Yogyakarta. That school was chosen because this research is related to the code-switching phenomena which
were done by the English teacher in SDN Serayu Yogyakarta. Therefore, the subject of this research was the English teacher there. The time allocation for the
2
nd
and the 3
rd
grades was thirty-five minutes while the time allocation for the 4
th
and the 5
th
grades was seventy minutes for one meeting. Since the time allocations were different, the researcher conducted the observation in the different frequency
for the lower and the higher. Therefore, the researcher conducted twice observations in the 2
nd
and the 3
rd
classes. The researcher did the observation in six classes. Those classes were 2A,
2B, 3B, 3C, 4A and 5C. The researcher did the observation in those classes since the researher could not do the observation in every grade. For instance, the
researcher did not do the observation in the sixth grade since the students were focussed on preparing a national examination. The researcher observed the teacher
when teaching in 2A and 2B class on 8
th
of March 2016 and on 22
nd
of March 2016. Furthermore, the researcher did the observation to the teacher when
teaching in 3B and 3C class. Each of those classes was observered twice on 11
th
of March 2016 and 15
th
of April 2016. The researcher also did the observation to the teacher in 4A and 5C. Both classes were observed once in different time. For the
4A class, the researcher observered on 22
nd
of April 2016 while the researcher observed the 5C class on 18
th
of April 2016. In this research, the researcher also PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20 did the the interview. The interview was done in the school mosque on Saturday,
April 23rd, 2016. In the observation, the researcher found that the situation of the classrooms
were natural. The teacher taught the classroom naturally. She taught the students clearly. In this case, the students also behaved naturally while they were
responding to the teacher‟s speech.
C. Research Subject
In this research, the subject is an English teacher of SDN Serayu Yogyakarta.
The teacher‟s mother tongue is Bahasa Indonesia. The teacher taught English in all classes in SDN Serayu Yogyakarta. The teacher mostly speaks in
English while teaching in the classroom. However, the code-switching was also performed by the teacher during the learning activity. Basically, the English
lesson was allocated for thirty-five minutes. Practically, the teacher would speak for about 15-20 minutes for each meeting in the second and third grades while the
res t would be used for students‟ activities i.e working on their workbook and
playing English game. Therefore, based on the information above, the researcher chose the teacher as the subject. Consequently, the researcher considered the
subject as purposive sampling. According to Engel Russell 2014, purpose sampling may be used to examine the effectiveness of some intervention with
clients who have particular characteristics, such as a specific diagnosis. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
