Observation Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

37 summarizing segment of data. In this study, the researcher used the code family generated by Bogdan and Biklen 2003. The table of the code family is presented on the following page. Table 3.1. Code Family Developed from Bogdan and Biklen 2003 Code Family Code Description Setting Context Codes The general information on the setting, topic or subject People‟s description about the subject, the setting and how the setting fits in the community The material given to the researcher Definition of Situation Codes How the subjects define the setting or particular topics. The subject‟s world view Perspectives Held by Subjects Shared rules and norms as well as some general points of view Subjects‟ Way of Thinking about People and Objects Subject‟s understanding of each other, of outsiders and of the objects that makes up their world Process Codes Coding words and phrases that facilitate categorizing sequences of events, changes over time, passages from one type or kind of status to another Activity codes Codes that are directed at regularly occurring kinds of behaviour Event Codes Directed at units of data that are related to specific activities that occur in the setting in the lives of subjects who are interviewed Strategy Codes Strategies refer to tactics, methods, ways, techniques, manoeuvres, ploys, and other conscious ways people accomplish various things Relationships and Social Codes Regular patterns of behavior among people not officially defined Method Codes Isolates material pertinent to research procedures, problems, joys and dilemmas Therefore, the data gathered in the study were classified into some segments related to the focus of the study. The focus of the study was about the development of students ‟ speaking confidence through the implementation of 38 Sidang Akademi. How is the implementation of Sidang Akademi and the way students maintain their performances each week. Miles and Huberman 1994 also reveal the importance of the use of pattern coding for helping the process of analysing the data. Thus, the researcher used pattern coding in order to make group of classification of the data that have been summarized into smaller number of sets, themes and construct. Pattern coding took an important account in the process of analysing the data. It was used to reduce the large amount of data so that the researcher was able to get into analysis during the data collection for focusing more on the field work. The use of pattern coding, in fact, was not only for reducing the amount of data, but also helping the researcher in elaborating a cognitive map and integrated schema in order to have deeper understanding about such interaction. The researcher considered the selection of the themes after conducting the process of data collection. Here, the researcher adopted the way phenomenology research in selecting the themes. According to Waters 2012, the researcher is not supposed to be directive in the question. Thus, the participants were expected to give full description of their experience including their personal thought, feeling and the situation of the phenomena. The process of the selection of the data needed was done after the process of collecting the data. The researcher, indeed, considered the data which were needed in the fulfilment of the study. It was also important to have reliable and valid technique of data analysis. In order to make sure the analysis of the data, in this case the data collected from the process of collecting the data, the researcher was accompanied by a co- 39 facilitator so that the information gathered from the process of data collection really processed well and to prevent the bias of analysis the data. Creswell 2003, proposes that the validity in the qualitative study is obtained through the process of checking the pattern consistency of the theme development. Validity takes an important account of the qualitative study Creswell Miller, 2000, as cited in Creswell, 2003. In order to obtain this criterion, the researcher assured whether the findings in the study are accurate from the standpoint of researcher, participants and the reader as well. The data were displayed in a form of narrative text. It had something to do with an organized assembly of information where the conclusion will be drawn. According to Miles and Huberman 1994 all display are designed to assemble and organize information in an immediately accessible, compact form so that the researcher will be able to see what is happening. The researcher implemented case analysis meeting with the co-facilitator of the study. The importance of this activity was presented by Miles and Huberman 1994. This meeting was conducted in order to summarize the current status of the case. This meeting was guided by series of questions related to the phenomenon being investigated and there were notes on answer which were taken to the question as the progress of the meeting. This activity enabled the researcher to review the case and make the analysis of the data gathered in the process of data collection.