Speaking Confidence Definition of Terms
15 one plays the role of speaker, while the other plays as the listener.
People establish the idea to be communicated in the mind and then there is an encoding system which is mostly in a form of language.
Furthermore, the idea is transmitted through a channel. The process of the communication is presented below.
Figure 2.1: Process of Communication Taken from Verma 2013
Furthermore, the communication model assumes that in order to determine message there are some qualities needed. They are the
language is unambiguous, what the speaker is referring to is determined by the meaning of the referring expression uttered, the
communicative intention is determined by the meaning of the sentence, speakers only speak literally, speakers only speak directly
and the last is speakers use words, phrases and sentences only to communicate.
On the other hand, there are problems with the message model. First, the language is not always unambiguous. Meanwhile,
expression can be ambiguous too. When these problems arise, the
Sender Idea
Encoding Medium
Channel Receiver
Feedback Decoding
16 hearer may face difficulties in assessing which possible meaning is
intended. Second, under determination of reference by meaning is another problem with the Message Model. The next problem is the
speaker‟s communicative intention is not clearly expressed by the Message Model. Last, the Message Model cannot facilitate the fact
that human speak non-literally as for example we may not mean what our word means.
In addition, there are also other factors that make the communication go wrong. One of the factors is known as “noise”.
Noise is not the disturbance caused by the sound. It is a technical term meaning any disturbance occurring in the process of
communication Verma, 2013.