11 the public speaking skill, the school also encourages the students to
develop their English proficiency through the implementation of Sidang Akademi. Speeches course is expected to be able to facilitate
the students to be better organized, guide the students to learn more about preparing a speech and help the students to think more clearly
and critically Zarefsky, 1996. Sidang Akademi which allows the students to develop such
skills and competence is a good strategy for the sake of the development of students‟ speaking confidence. The activity is
beneficial to the students because Sidang Akademi is designed and organized well. Zarefsky 1996 proposes that by improving
presentation skills, students may become more self-confident and more willing to engage in serious dialogue with others.
4. Speaking Confidence
According to Matthews 1994, when somebody feels unconfident to speak up in front of public, he seems to get a terrible
feeling of fear or nervousness. In order to be able to maintain self- confidence, learners need to boost their self-esteem by developing
strategy to practice speaking English. Nunan 1999 states that the more learning strategies develop by learners the greater confidence
they will gain. The strategy is related to how they rehearse their speaking skill.
12
G. Research Significance
This study has the significance of reviewing the whole implementation of Sidang Akademi Academic Preliminary meeting as strategy to
develop students‟ speaking confidence. This study produces the investigation of the Sidang Akademi
Academic Preliminary Meeting implementation and the development of students‟ speaking confidence as the result of Sidang Akademi.
13
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of theoretical descriptions and theoretical framework. The first part discusses the related theories to limit the scope of the
research. Thereafter, the second part presents the several theories as the framework to answer the research questions.
A. Theoretical Description
This theoretical description is concerned with theories that are related to the key words used in this research. This part shows the discussions of the basic
overview of public speaking, the message model of linguistic communication, overview of giving presentation, speech as a liberal study, the role of self-
confidence for developing speaking confidence, the significance of speaking for personal success, speaking problem encountered by EFL student and the
proposition of the study.
1. Basic Overview of Public Speaking
The general purpose of the public speaking is to maintain the performance in front of the audience so that the argument given in
the speech can really persuade the audience through the well- PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 organized idea and the validity so that the speech can be attractive to
the audience. It is clearly stated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in his theory of Rhetoric Hendrikus, 1991. He divides his theory
into three main categories simply called as Ethos, Pathos and Logos. The Ethos or credibility means that the speaker might be
heard if he can convince the audience through the idea that he presents and the credibility of the speaker so that the audience could
consider the speaker as a worth listening speaker to the listeners. Pathos or emotional development is the ability of the person to
persuade by appealing to the audience‟s emotion. In addition, the language choices are matter to give a good persuasion so that the
listener might be convinced. Logos or Logical development means that the speaker has to possess the good reasoning technique. This
technique reflects the knowledge of the speaker as the reason is the heart of the argumentation. Thus, if in the process of public speaking
the speaker has these kinds of abilities, the point of the argument will seem convincing and therefore the audience might be really attracted
to the speaker by the speech that they convey.
2. The Message Model of Linguistic Communication
Verma 2013 states that there is a process of coding and decoding in sharing our thoughts and ideas with other people. This
process means that it requires two or more people to communicate; PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15 one plays the role of speaker, while the other plays as the listener.
People establish the idea to be communicated in the mind and then there is an encoding system which is mostly in a form of language.
Furthermore, the idea is transmitted through a channel. The process of the communication is presented below.
Figure 2.1: Process of Communication Taken from Verma 2013
Furthermore, the communication model assumes that in order to determine message there are some qualities needed. They are the
language is unambiguous, what the speaker is referring to is determined by the meaning of the referring expression uttered, the
communicative intention is determined by the meaning of the sentence, speakers only speak literally, speakers only speak directly
and the last is speakers use words, phrases and sentences only to communicate.
On the other hand, there are problems with the message model. First, the language is not always unambiguous. Meanwhile,
expression can be ambiguous too. When these problems arise, the
Sender Idea
Encoding Medium
Channel Receiver
Feedback Decoding
16 hearer may face difficulties in assessing which possible meaning is
intended. Second, under determination of reference by meaning is another problem with the Message Model. The next problem is the
speaker‟s communicative intention is not clearly expressed by the Message Model. Last, the Message Model cannot facilitate the fact
that human speak non-literally as for example we may not mean what our word means.
In addition, there are also other factors that make the communication go wrong. One of the factors is known as “noise”.
Noise is not the disturbance caused by the sound. It is a technical term meaning any disturbance occurring in the process of
communication Verma, 2013.
3. Overview of Giving Presentations
Giving a presentation requires the speaker to develop such skills that will help them in the process of performing their
presentation. In addition, the speaker has to consider such problem that they may have during the presentation. These considerations
will result in a good presentation. One of the elements in giving presentation is “limiting condition” Argyle, 1988 as cited in Molen
and Hoogland, 2005. In this process, the presenter has to be aware of possible limiting condition. The limiting condition has something
to do with the time estimation to prepare the presentation, collect the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17 information, look for the accommodation, order and write out
material, and make supporting media. Giving presentation also requires the presenter to have
“Expressive Skills”. This skill will help the presenter to make use of their body and voice to support their presentation. Body language
includes movement of the body and the use of the voice. Argyle 1988 as cited in Molen and Hoogland 2005 states that use of
body language includes following skills: eye contact, facial expression, movement and posture. Nevertheless, the use of the
voice includes speed of speech, timing, volume, rhythm and articulation.
4. Speech as a Liberal Study
There are so many aspects of maintaining an effective speech. According to Wilson, Arnold and Wertheimer 1990, the effective
speaking requires more than mechanical application of techniques. The purpose of speaking has to be maintained with regard to the
combination of meanings, surroundings, and human relationships. It is better to know what is being revealed in the presentation and the
audience to whom the presentation is delivered to. In addition, the importance of speaking in front of public is
also stated by Wilson et al. 1990. The knowledge of speaking in public which is developed by a person leads to increasing skill in
