Sidang Akademi for the Third-grade Students

14 organized idea and the validity so that the speech can be attractive to the audience. It is clearly stated by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in his theory of Rhetoric Hendrikus, 1991. He divides his theory into three main categories simply called as Ethos, Pathos and Logos. The Ethos or credibility means that the speaker might be heard if he can convince the audience through the idea that he presents and the credibility of the speaker so that the audience could consider the speaker as a worth listening speaker to the listeners. Pathos or emotional development is the ability of the person to persuade by appealing to the audience‟s emotion. In addition, the language choices are matter to give a good persuasion so that the listener might be convinced. Logos or Logical development means that the speaker has to possess the good reasoning technique. This technique reflects the knowledge of the speaker as the reason is the heart of the argumentation. Thus, if in the process of public speaking the speaker has these kinds of abilities, the point of the argument will seem convincing and therefore the audience might be really attracted to the speaker by the speech that they convey.

2. The Message Model of Linguistic Communication

Verma 2013 states that there is a process of coding and decoding in sharing our thoughts and ideas with other people. This process means that it requires two or more people to communicate; PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 one plays the role of speaker, while the other plays as the listener. People establish the idea to be communicated in the mind and then there is an encoding system which is mostly in a form of language. Furthermore, the idea is transmitted through a channel. The process of the communication is presented below. Figure 2.1: Process of Communication Taken from Verma 2013 Furthermore, the communication model assumes that in order to determine message there are some qualities needed. They are the language is unambiguous, what the speaker is referring to is determined by the meaning of the referring expression uttered, the communicative intention is determined by the meaning of the sentence, speakers only speak literally, speakers only speak directly and the last is speakers use words, phrases and sentences only to communicate. On the other hand, there are problems with the message model. First, the language is not always unambiguous. Meanwhile, expression can be ambiguous too. When these problems arise, the Sender Idea Encoding Medium Channel Receiver Feedback Decoding