process of multiple drafts to achieve a final product. Focus on grammatical form is limited.
c. Microskills and Macroskills of Writing
Writing has its own microskills and macroskills needed by teachers to define the ultimate criterion of an assessment procedure of writing as Brown
2004 states. The microskills of writing are appropriate for imitative and intensive types of writing tasks, while macroskills are needed in the mastery of
responsive and extensive writing. The microskills of writing focus on producing graphemes and orthographic
patterns of English at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose and also in producing an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word order patterns.
Additionally, the use acceptable grammatical system e.g. tense, agreement, pluralisation, patterns, and rules, express a particular meaning in different
grammatical forms, and the use cohesive devices in written discourse are included on the microskills of writing.
Meanwhile, macroskills of writing require the use of rhetorical forms and conventions of written discourse in order to accomplish the communicative
functions of written texts according to form and purpose appropriately. Moreover, these also convey links and connections between events, and
communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplification and also convey culturally
specific references in the context of the written text. In addition, the macroskills of writing also distinguish between literal and implied meanings when writing
and also correctly develop and use a battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing the audience’s interpretation, using prewriting devices,
writing with fluency in the first draft, using paraphrases and synonyms, soliciting peer and instructor feedback, and using feedback for revising and editing.
In order to be good writer, people have to master all the macroskills and microskills in writing. However, in the teaching and learning process in the
classroom, a teacher does not need to cover all the skills mentioned above. The teacher just needs to make sure that skills are needed by the type of writing being
assigned.
d. The Writing Process
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