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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Theory of Writing
a. Definition of Writing
Writing is both physical and mental act Nunan, 2003. At some basic level, writing is described as an act of committing words and ideas into some
medium such as the act of picking up pencil form letter or the act of typing an email into computer. In the other hand, it is also mental work of inventing ideas,
thinking about how to express them, and organizing them into statement and paragraph
Richard and Renandya 2002 define that writing is the most difficult skill for second language learners to master since the skills involved in writing
are highly complex. The difficulty in writing is not only in generating ideas but also in translating these ideas into readable text. The writer has to pay attention to
higher level skills of planning and organizing as well as lower level skills of spelling, punctuation, word choice, and so on.
Hyland 2009 states that writing is an interaction between writers and readers. In writing, the writer needs to communicate a particular message to the
reader. This is supported by Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams 2005 who see that writing involves communicating a message from writer to readers.
When writing is seen as the product, the attention is placed on the final product of writing such as the essay, the report, the story or what the product
should look like Brown, 2001. Harmer 2001 says that the writer is only interested in the aim of task and in the end of product. In other words, the
product is the main thing to be focused on rather than the process of writing itself.
On the other hand, writing also sees as a process. Harmer 2001 states that those who advocate a process approach of writing pay attention to the
various stages that any piece of writing goes through. Hyland 2009 states that writing is a creative act of discovery in which the process is as important as the
product to the writer. The process of writing includes planning, drafting, revising, and editing. And to be able to overcome these processes of writing,
people should have enough knowledge on how to generate ideas, organize them coherently, use the appropriate words and punctuation, use the right grammatical
structure and organize the sentences into a good text.
b. Basic Types of Writing
Kategori