specific references in the context of the written text. In addition, the macroskills of writing also distinguish between literal and implied meanings when writing
and also correctly develop and use a battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing the audience’s interpretation, using prewriting devices,
writing with fluency in the first draft, using paraphrases and synonyms, soliciting peer and instructor feedback, and using feedback for revising and editing.
In order to be good writer, people have to master all the macroskills and microskills in writing. However, in the teaching and learning process in the
classroom, a teacher does not need to cover all the skills mentioned above. The teacher just needs to make sure that skills are needed by the type of writing being
assigned.
d. The Writing Process
To be able to produce a written text, a writer should pass some process of writing. Harmer 2001: 257 states that
In teaching of writing we can focus on the product of that writing or on the writing process itself. When concentrating on the product we are only interested
in the aim of a task and in the end product. Those who advocate a process approach to writing, however, pay attention to the various stages than any pieces
of writing goes through.
However, Brown 2001 states that nowadays, the current emphasis on process writing must be seen in the perspective of a balance between process and
product. Therefore, the balancing between the process of writing and the final
product itself is important. The writer cannot just pay attention on the process of writing while putting aside the product, because the product is the ultimate goal
and the reason why the writer should go on the process of writing The process of writing involves highly structured stages. Teacher should
plan an effective classroom learning which is appropriate to teach each stage of writing process. The writing stages that each writer should perform during the
writing are as Peha 2003 states below
Figure 1: The Writing Process
Peha 2003 proposes that pre-writing is any activity in the writing process that encourages the writers to get ready to write. It is the time for them to make a
planning of what they are going to write. In this stage, writer can determine the topic, brainstorm the ideas related to the topic, and gather information related to
the topic that will be written. They can get the information from books, magazines, newspaper, and any other resources. They even can gather the
information from their own experience. The process of gathering the information is depending on the genre of the text that will be written. The more information
which they obtained will help them to start to write text easily. The next stage of the writing process as Peha 2003 states is drafting. In
the drafting stages, the writers focused on the fluency of writing and are not preoccupied with grammatical accuracy or the neatness of the draft. It means that
at this stage, the writing process focuses on the sharing of the writer’s ideas smoothly in their writing. The writers can be focused on the process of the
sharing their ideas in the paper without feel worried with the grammatical accuracy of their writing. In this process, the writer will try their best to
communicating and delivering the message in their mind to the audience. Sharing is the process of sharing the writer’s work with other people and
getting some feedback about how is their writing. In sharing process in the teaching-learning classroom, the teacher can give resp
ond to the students’ work in order to correct the students’ mistakes in the content, organization, language
use, vocabulary, and mechanic. The respond from the teacher can be in the form of written respond or oral respond.
Peha2003 states that revising is the process to see again what has been written.
Revising is checking not only the grammatical mistakes but also the content of the writer’s writing. At this stage, writer responds to the other’s
opinion on their writing by revising the content of their writing. Sometimes writers need to add some details to their writing, rearrange words or sentences,
and cut the sentences that do not support their writing. . The process of revising is needed to see how effectively they have communicated their messages to the
audiences. Editing is the process of correcting the text to prepare the final draft. It is
the last stages before publishing. In this stage, writers need to check for grammar, sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation.
After the fifth stages are completed, the last stage of writing process is publishing. In this process, writer can publish their work so that it can be read,
understood, and enjoyed by the public.
2. Writing in Junior High Schools
