1. Cause-and-effect diagrams
A cause-and-effect diagram highlights the direct relationship between different events or concept. It can be used to visualize a major event that has
multiple causes-and-effects. Tayib 2015 says that cause-and-effect diagram is widely used to assist students identify the major causes of certain events
and their effects on surrounding atmosphere. Delrose 2011 suggests that cause-and-effect diagram assists students in visualizing the relationship
between a single cause and a single effect, or the focus can be on a single main event and its primary causes and effects. This format allows students to
organize thought before writing by displaying abstract relationships in a graphic representation where the relationships are clearly displayed.
Baxendell 2003 states that cause-and-effect graphic organizer is one of the most common and beneficial instructional tools in our classroom. This format
comes in various types, for example: problem-solution map, sequential episodic map, etc.
2. Sequence chart
Sequence chart are used to illustrate a series of events. Delrose 2011 says that the chart flow in one direction, either right to left or top to bottom,
and are often connected by arrows and numbered boxes to ensure clear understanding of the relationships of the sequence of events. This is quite
useful in helping students organize information or events according to the
stages or steps of their occurrence. Baxendell 2003 uses sequence chart to review the key element in a story, in writing to organize “how to” paragraphs
or short stories, and in social studies to create timelines. Moreover, he also uses this chart in pre- and postfield trip activities. This chart is useful in telling
a series of event such as in recount text. Sequence chart come in various types such as series of event chain, flowchart, story map, timeline, etc.
3. Main idea and detail chart
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