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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design
The design of this research study is action research, also known as problem-based research. Burns 2010 defines action research is an action
which the teacher take a self-reflective, critical, and systematic approach to exploring their own teaching process. In action research study, teacher plays a
role as an investigator or an explorer in his or her classroom while at the same time being one of the participants in it. The main aim of this study is to
investigate the problems or issues occurring in the teaching and learning process systematically in order to bring changes and even better
improvements in the teaching and learning process. The improvements that happen in action research are ones based on data that the researcher collects
systematically. In addition, Carr and Kemmis in Burns 2010 describe action research
as a self-reflective enquiry done by the participants in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own educational practices, their understanding
of these practices and the situations where these practices are carried out. In other word, action research is the process to reflect about the teacher’s
teaching and understanding of the process. The research study was focused on writing, therefore the action were
carried out by the teacher by identifying some problems related to writing in
teaching and learning process. Then, based on the data collected, she tried to find and implement a solution based on the relevant theory in order to bring
the improvement in the teaching and learning process. In this action research, there was a procedure to be followed based on
the cyclical model by Kemmis and McTaggart 1988 in Burns 2010. The procedure consisted of four general steps: planning, action, observation and
reflection and divided into two cycles. Cycle 1 consisted of plan, action, observe, and reflect; while Cycle 2 consisted of revised plan, action, observe,
and reflect. Firstly, the researcher went through Cycle 1 in the action research process. After the reflection of Cycle 1, the researcher felt that there was
needed some improvement, thus the researcher went through Cycle 2 which were revised plan, action, observe, and reflect.
The further explanation of cyclical action research model based on Kemmis and McTaggart will be elaborated here. In planning process, the
researcher identified problems and developed a plan of action in order to bring possible improvements in a specific area of the research context. The
plan was a carefully considered one which involved some intentional interventions into the teaching situation that the researcher put into action
over on some period of time. In the observation, the researcher observed the teaching and learning process systematically by considering the effect of the
action and documenting the context, actions, and opinions of those involved. For reflection, researcher were reflected on, evaluate and describe the effects
of the action in order to make sense of what has happened in the research and to understand the problems the researcher explored more clearly.
Figure 3: Cyclical AR model based on Kemmis and McTaggart 1988 in Burns2010
B. Research Setting 1. Time
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