Objective of the Study Significance of the Study

2 Production time The writing process needs much time to plan, edit, and revise writing before finally it is finished as a final product. 3 Distance Between the reader and the writer, there is a distance both in time and space that bound them in negotiating meaning and message. As a result, the purpose and the audience must be planned well to minimize different of opinions between the reader and the writer. 4 Orthography Writen langauge is supported by the use of orthography in order to send the message as the role of stress, intonantion, pitch, volume and pausing in speaking. For example, the use of an exclamation mark is to express surprise. Then a question mark is used for questions. 5 Complexity Written language is characterized by the use of longer clauses and more subordinators that make the written language complex. However, a piece of writing which has many longer clauses and more subordinators are not always considered as a good product. Brief, clear, and meaningful sentences are actually needed, and those, therefore are written in high complexity. 6 Vocabulary Written langauge needs a high variety of vocabulary. The frequency of word repetition is controlled in order to make a piece of writing more interesting, finding another synonym for a word is one way to do this. 7 Formality Written texts are typically formal because of the social and cultural uses. It minimizes the misunderstanding which is caused by langauge varieties in society. Formality is considered as an agreement for all people of different societies.

c. Micro and Macro-skills of Writing

To have good writing skills, there are some micro skills that have to be mastered. Brown 2004: 220 says there is a taxonomy that can be the guidance to set writing assessments. The classification includes micro-skills which are exactly appropriate to be applied in imitative and intensive writing performance, and macro-skills which are necessary to be applied in responsive and extensive ones. Micro-skills of writing include: 1 Produce graphemes and orthographic pattern in English. 2 Produce writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purposes. 3 Produce an acceptable core of words and use appropriate order patterns 4 Use acceptable grammatical system e. g., tense, agreement, pluralization, patterns, and rules. 5 Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms. 6 Use cohesive devices in writing discourse. Macro-skills of writing include: 7 Use the rhetorical forms and conventions of written discourse. 8 Appropriately accomplish the communicative functions of written texts according to form and purpose. 9 Convey links and connection between events, and communicate such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new information, given information, generalization, and exemplification. 10Distinguish between literal and implied meaning when writing. 11Correctly convey culturally specific references in the context of the written text. 12Develop and use battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing the audience’s interpretation, using prewriting devices, writing with.