8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is devoted to give the base of theoretical ground of the thesis. It comprises of two major parts, theoretical description and theoretical framework.
A. Theoretical Description
The discussion of the subheading includes the definitions of linguistics, the definitions of sociolinguistics and the nature of code-switching that presents:
definitions of code-switching, the types of code-switching, in which from different linguists, and the reasons for code-switching as well as the relation of
code-switching to English teaching and learning.
1. Linguistics
Linguistics’ definitions are changing from narrow speech explanation which focuses on form in isolation context to a more social perspective of
language uses. There are some definitions of linguistics provided in different linguistics books. Widdowson 1996: 27 states “linguistic is essentially the study
of how languages mean, how they are functionally informed.” However, the researcher will like to apply a definition from Finegan 2004: 24,”linguistics can
be defined as the systematic inquiry into human language – into its structure and the relationship between them, as well as into the development and acquisition of
language.”
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9 Recently, linguists put great emphasis on studying larger portions of
language in context included functions and language influence on the language choice. According to Finegan 2004: 25,” language is often defined as an
arbitrary vocal system used by human beings to communicate with one another.” However, there is important fact that language is more than communication. “It is
social action, with work to perform. It is a system that speakers, writer, and signers exploit purposefully” Finegan, 2004: 25.
All aspects of language are directed to create meaning. Therefore, second- language teachers need to know that there are particular times to help their
students in assisting the language learning process, for examples; in understanding the meaning of written texts and languages use in a certain text.
2. Sociolinguistics
One part in linguistics study is sociolinguistics. It is “the study of the relationship between language use and the structure of society” Radford, 1999:
16. It is not only about the structure of society but language is also about the relationship with the context in which it is used, such as that written by Holmes
2001: 1,“Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used. Many people use language to ask for and give
people information. Many people also use it to express indignation and annoyance, as well as admiration and respect.”
As Radford 1999: 16 states in his book Linguistics: An Introduction, sociolinguistics considers some factors which maintain that they are essential to
an understanding of both structure and function of the language used in a
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10 situation. Those factors are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the
relationship between speaker and addressee and the context and manner of the interaction.
Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have to modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may
change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the message conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual
situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This phenomenon is often referred to as code-switching.
3. Code-switching
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