20 rather than the contracted one. The last type of modifications is that it sometimes
involves the lengthening of phrases to make the meaning clearer. Furthermore, according to Krashen’s 1993 input hypothesis as cited in
Ellis 1997: second language acquisition happens when a leaner comprehends input which contains grammatical forms. “Success is achieved by using the
situational context to make messages clear and through the kinds of input modifications found in foreigner talk” Ellis, 1997: 85. Therefore, when L2
learners receive acceptable input of the target language, they would be able to produce the correct utterances.
B. Theoretical Framework
A phenomenon when people switched to a certain language, in this case is English, proved very common in the society. Since this study investigates English
code-switching phenomenon in written form, to get a complete analysis the researcher combines types of code-switching from McCormick, Peter Stockwell
and Hoffmann’s theory. The researcher employs two out of six types of code- switching based on the length of juxtaposed utterances proposed by McCormick
1994. Those are diglossia and integrated loanwords. The other types of code- switching: situational and metaphorical code-switching, are omitted because those
types only exist in oral communication. The single-word code-switching in Asher Simpson’s theory is ommited to avoid the data overlapping. The researcher also
uses the types of code-switching from Peter Stockwell, there are tag-switching, intersetential switch and intrasetential switch. To get complete analysis about
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21 code-switching, the researcher also uses Hoffman’s theory. In intrasetential switch
there are three smaller changes: single-word, phrase and clause. To account for the reasons of code-switching in the target magazines, the researcher employs two
reasons from Holmes 2001. Those are choice of topics and social distance between the writers of the articles in the magazines and the readers.
To answer the third question of this study What are the possible implications of code-switching in Indonesian translated teenage girl magazines for
English language education in Indonesia?, the researcher employs a theory from Rod Ellis 1997 about foreigner talk. There are two types of foreigner talk: the
first type is grammatical talk which can facilitate the second language acquisition. The second type is ungrammatical foreigner talk which can obstruct the second
language acquisition.
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22
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter comprises research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research
procedure.
A. Research Method
The research used a qualitative method known as the descriptive method. Merriam Associates 2002: 3 explain that the key to understanding qualitative
research lies in the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individuals in interaction with their world. In qualitative research, the researcher did not only
focus on the content, because it was more dynamic and required a consideration of social contexts. This research considered qualitative research to be more
interesting because it prioritized the cultural context of language over a statistical analysis.
Best 1981: 106 provides characteristics of a descriptive research study; they are 1 it is non-experimental, 2 it involves the formulation and testing of a
hypothesis, 3 it uses the logical methods of inductive-deductive reasoning to arrive at generalizations, 4 it often employs methods of randomization so that
errors may be estimated when inferring population characteristics from observation of samples, and 5 the variables and procedures are described as
accurately and completely as possible so that the study can be replicated by other
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