25 In completing the data requirement, the writer uses a total of nine
magazine editions. For each of the three magazines CosmoGIRL, Seventeen, and Girlfriend, the researcher uses three different editions: February 2009, March
2009, and April 2009. The researcher considers the relevance of chronology for a comparison of the content in each of the three magazines. For this reason, the
researcher uses the same three editions from each of the three magazines.
C. Research Instrument
In their text “Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion Analysis”, Merriam Associates identify the research instrument in qualitative
research is the researcher. They explain, “In the research; the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and data analysis” 2002: 5. Therefore, the
reseacher used her self and checklist as the instrument in this research.
D. Data Gathering Technique
The data were obtained from the researcher’s observation of the three magazines chosen. The researcher looked up code-switching cases in each of the
nine magazine editions identified as data sources. The observation was done in three steps. The first step was the researcher designed the observation form to list
code-switching phenomena which exist in the target magazines. The next step was the researcher classified the articles on the magazines
into four categories. They are news, opinion, feature, and advertisement. Hornby 2000: 856 defines “news as new information about something that has happened
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26 recently.” In this study, an article is considered to be news when it contains
5W+1H questions
1
that the article attempts to answer. The second category is opinion. According to Hornby 1963: 682, “opinion is belief or judgement not
founded on complete knowledge; views, beliefs, of a group; or professional estimate or advice.” The next category is feature. Hornby 1963: 363 states
“feature is prominent article or subject in a newspaper.” This category included any special articles in the magazines. The last category was advertisement, which
means “a notice, picture or film telling people about a product, job or service” Hornby, 2000: 19.
E. Data Analysis Technique
To establish a reliable and qualified analysis, the data must be checked manually, one by one, by using a checklist. The researcher identified any code-
switching cases in the magazines by using scanning reading then listed every code-switching case on the checklist form.
The researcher applied a checklist form, which is a combination from Asher Simpson, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory, to gather then analyse
the types of code-switching phenomenon found in the magazines.
Table 3.1 Sample of Checklist of Types of Code-Switching
Page CS Case
Types of CS TS
IntraS IL
InterS D
SW P
C
Note: CS
: Code-switching
1
5W+1H: Who, What, Where, When, Why and How
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27 TS
: Tag-switching IntraS
: Intrasentential Switch SW
: Single-word P
: Phrase C
: Clause IL
: Integrated Loanword InterS
: Intersetential Switch D
: Diglossia To classify the data, the researcher used English Simplified by Ellsworth.
A phrase is a group of words lacking both a subject and verb, but a phrase may contain a verbal, such as a participle or infinitive. A phrase also may be used as a
noun, adjective, adverb, or verb 1981: 14. A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate 1981: 14. While intersetential switch is a
sentence. Sentence is a group of words expressing a complete. It contains a subject and a predicate and is an independent unit of expression 1981: 8. Last,
single-word code-switching is also known as lexical borrowing. It generally involves single words – mainly nouns – and it is motivated by lexical need
Holmes, 2001: 42. The table consisted of the seven types of code switching based on Asher
Simpson, Peter Stockwell and Hoffmann’s theory. However the researcher ommited some code-switching which is not used and to avoid the data
overlapping. The steps of the data analysis were: first, defining the types of words. The researcher designated the data into six categories: tag-switching, single-word,
phrase, clause, integrated loanwords, intersetential switch, and diglossia. All the code-switching cases were listed on the checklist form. After the identification
process of code-switching, the researcher counted the frequency of each code-
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28 switching case that happens in each classification type and determined the
percentage of each code-switching case. In the last step, the researcher summarized all the data and presented the summary in a report format.
The researcher also employed Holmes’s theory 2001 on reasons for code-switching and Ellis’s theory 1997 of input to observe whether the code-
switching cases in the target magazines hinder or facilitate English learning.
F. Research Procedure
