10 situation. Those factors are social backgrounds of both speaker and listener, the
relationship between speaker and addressee and the context and manner of the interaction.
Therefore, in order to build good communication with others, people have to modify their language used in communication. For example, a teacher may
change his or her language to the students’ language proficiency to make the message conveyed properly. This is what is called teacher talk. In multilingual
situations people often juxtaposed two or more codes in one utterance. This phenomenon is often referred to as code-switching.
3. Code-switching
Code-switching is a part of linguistics. Code-switching is occuring in multilingual environment which the society have another language beside their native
language. The society did a code-switching to create a good communication.
a. Definition of Code-switching
There have been many definitions of code-switching provided by different linguists. The researcher quotes three of them; it is written by Gardner 1997,
Wardhaugh 1992, and Hoffmann 1991. The researcher adopts those definitions as the consideration of her own interpretation.
The first definition is taken from Gardner’s 1997: 361. She states “code- switching can be defined as the use of two or more languages in the same
conversation or utterances.” Since most people speak more than one language in their daily lives, therefore, Gardner 1997 explains that such action is considered
common in many parts of situations where people are native bilingual or
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11 multilingual. This explanation is supported by Duran’s 1994. He states that in a
multilingual context, code-switching is a common phenomenon. People, who are capable of speaking more than one language, are consciously or unconsciously
substitute phrases or words of a language to another language. Code-switching may help a speaker of one language to support his thinking and communication
Duran, 1994. When he cannot find representative word to explain something or simply is not able to utter particular expression in a language, he may borrow
phrases or words from another language to make his communication smooth. Code-switching can also be defined as “a conventional strategy used to
establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” Wardhaugh, 1992: 103.
In a circumstance where speakers of various languages are having the same necessity gather in one speech context, code-switching allows them to accomplish
their purpose effectively and understand each other better. He also states that “it is unusual for a speaker to have command of, or use,
only one such code or system” Wardhaugh, 1992: 103. Since, bilingualism and multilingualism are the norm for many people throughout the world; Gardner’s
1997 idea above is supported by Wardhaugh 1992 that people have to select a particular language whenever they speak and they may also choose to switch from
one language to another language or to mix the languages. In addition, Wardhaugh 1992 also states that people might not be aware that they switch or
use certain code to discuss a particular topic.
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12 Another perception about code-switching definiton is also written by
Hoffmann 1991: 110. In her book, she says that code-switching “involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or
during the same conversation.” Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski 1997: 361 also write about the
definition of code-switching. They state that code-switching can occur between sentences inter-sentential or within a single sentence intra-sentential.
Based on the above definitions, the researcher defines “code-switching as a common behaviour of people using more than one language in the same
conversation whether in bilingual or multilingual situations to facilitate the communication.”
b. The Types of Code-switching
