Culture-Specific Concepts The Non-Equivalence Problems Found in the Indonesian and English

village and do not want to spend much money on buying gas for cooking. They also usually use it for cooking in great amount, like in a traditional wedding. However, it is unfamiliar in where the TT readers live. They usually use electrical oven or stove to cook. Culture-specific concept problems can cause different understanding for TT readers in reading the TT. It is because what TT readers have in their homeland is not similar to what ST readers have. Data ST Data TT 3ST Ic Aroma bakmi bercampur dengan asap dari arang, menciptakan aroma yang menggugah selera. 3TT Ic The noodles‟ aroma mixes with the charcoal smoke, making for a distinct and delectable aroma. a b c d e f g h i j k √ - - - - - - - - - - How the noodles‟ aroma mixes with the smell of the charcoal smoke in ST may not be usual for TT readers. They know how the charcoal smoke mix with the noodles if they cook them in a camp with open fire. The ingredients used to cook noodles in ST readers‟ place and in TT readers‟ are different. Therefore, they make different aroma. Unless TT readers have tasted Bakmi Jawa in Jogja, they never know how the smell of noodles mixed with the charcoal smoke. The culture-specific concept can be no problem or it can be said that the texts are equivalent if it is checked through the TT readers‟ background. In this case, they have experienced eating Bakmi Jawa where Bakmi Jawa is offered. Data ST Data TT 9ST IIIa Penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan dimana saja dan warung mereka bisa dengan 9TT IIIa Bakmi Jawa vendors are scattered all over the place and the stalls can be easily mudah dikenali dengan: warung tenda sederhana, dilengkapi tungku arang, bangku panjang, gerobak dorong, dan daging ayam digantung sebagai display. identified as simple tents, equipped with a charcoal stove, long bench and pushcart, along with chicken meat hanging on display. a b c d e f g h i j k √ √ - - - - - - - - √ The first problem is culture-specific concept. As said in the previous data, “clay oven ” is unfamiliar for TT readers. In my observation, gerobak dorong in Indonesia and “pushcart” in where the target people live have different shape. Gerobak dorong which is used for Bakmi Jawa is made of wood. It also has a traditional shape. While “pushcart” is made of steel. Its canopy is usually made of plastic or fabric. Picture 4.1. Gerobak dorong Picture 4.2. “Pushcart” www.doktergerobak.blogspot.com www.pushcartusa.com Picture 4.1. and Picture 4.2. show that gerobak dorong used for selling Bakmi Jawa and “pushcart” used for selling foods are different. The materials and shapes of both gerobak dorong and “pushcart” are not similar and not equivalent. The words tenda intended in the ST and “tent” is the TT are in different shape and function. Tenda which is for selling foods in Indonesia is like a small shop made from wood as the frame and plastic or fabric as the cover and canopy. According to Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition, “tent” is a shelter made of canvas or nylon which is used for camping, not for selling foods 2010:1540. Picture 4.3. Tenda Picture 4. 4. “Tent” www.kulineronline.com www.globe-views.com Picture 4.3. shows tenda with its banners made of fabric to cover the food stall and its long wooden benches. Compared to Picture 4.3., Picture 4.4. is extremely different. The two things have excessively different functions, tenda in Picture 4.3. is for selling foods while “tent” in Picture 4.4. is for camping. In addition, the words “chicken meat” also have the culture-specific concept problem. “Chicken meat” here are literally translated from the words daging ayam. As said by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat, daging means a part of slaughtered- animal‟s body which is eaten as food 2008:286. Indonesians add ayam after the word daging to show what kind of meat they intend. In this case, daging is translated into “meat” and ayam into “chicken”. However, most of TT readers only use the word “chicken” to describe the chicken meat. Chart 4.1. Culture-Specific Concepts Percentage The chart shows that data 1STIa - 1TTIa, 2STIb - 2TTIb, 3STIc - 3TTIc, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 10STIIIb - 10TTIIIb and 13STVa - 13TTVa are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of culture-specific concepts by Baker. 33.3 33.3 33.3 Culture-Specific Concepts Culture-specific concepts The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL The SL word is semantically complex The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning The TL lacks of superordinate The TL lacks a specific term Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective Differences in expressive meaning Differences in form Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms The use of loan words in ST

2. The Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language

This problem happens when a word from source language is translated into target language, but it is not lexicalized. It means that the target language does not have the equivalent lexical item to express it. For example, the word „standard‟ in English, which means „ordinary‟ or „not extra‟, does not have any equivalent in Arabic. It happens so even though „standard‟ expresses an idea that people easily understand Baker, 1992:21. The seven data which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language are 2STIb - 2TTIb, 4STIIa - 4TTIIa, 7STIId - 7TTIId, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 11STIVa - 11TTIVa-b and 12STIVb - 12TTIVc. The analysis below are from data 2STIb - 2TTIb. Data 4STIIa - 4TTIIa, 7STIId - 7TTIId, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 11STIVa - 11TTIVa-b and 12STIVb - 12TTIVc have the similar cause of problem, therefore they are not put. Data ST Data TT 2ST Ib Dimasak diatas tungku arang, sepiring kelezatan ini dikenal sebagai Bakmi Jawa. 2TT Ib Cooked over a clay oven with charcoal fuel, this bowl of noodles is a delicacy known as Bakmi Jawa or Javanese noodles. a b c d e f g h i j k √ √ - - - - - - - - √ There are no words precisely expressing the words Bakmi Jawa in TT. Even though the translator tries to substitute Bakmi Jawa with Javanese noodle, it still is not accurately allocated to be expressed in TT. Bakmi Jawa and “Javanese noodle ” are the expression of a traditional Javanese food which is historically and originally made in Java, not in the TT readers‟ place. Earlier the Javanese sold Bakmi Jawa in Yogyakarta and Central Java www.inijogja.co.id. Therefore, the TT readers do not have the equivalent lexical item of the words Bakmi Jawa in their countries. Chart 4.2. Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language Percentage The chart shows that data 2STIb - 2TTIb, 4STIIa - 4TTIIa, 7STIId - 7TTIId, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 11STIVa - 11TTIVa-b 33.3 33.3 33.3 Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language Culture-specific concepts The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL The SL word is semantically complex The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning The TL lacks of superordinate The TL lacks a specific term Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective Differences in expressive meaning Differences in form Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms The use of loan words in ST and 12STIVb - 12TTIVc are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of source-language concept not lexicalized in the target language by Baker.

3. The Use of Loan Words in ST

The problem of the use of loan words in ST happens when target language loans words from source language. In other words, some words in source language are not translated into target language because equivalent words from target language are unlikely to be found. For instance, the English word „sensible‟ has different meaning with the German „sensibel‟ which means „sensitive‟ Baker, 1992:24-25. The seven sentences which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of the use of loan words in ST are data 2STIb - 2TTIb, 4STIIa - 4TTIIa, 7STIId - 7TTIId, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 11STIVa - 11TTIVa-b and 12STIVb - 12TTIVc. The analysis below are from data 4STIIa - 4TTIIa. Data 2STIb - 2TTIb, 7STIId - 7TTIId, 8STIIe - 8TTIIe, 9STIIIa - 9TTIIIa, 11STIVa - 11TTIVa-b and 12STIVb - 12TTIVc have the similar cause of problem, therefore they are not put. Data ST Data TT 4ST IIa Bakmi Jawa terdiri dari rebusan bakmi dengan kaldu ayam, meski penjual biasanya juga menjual menu lain seperti bakmi goreng atau nasi goreng. 4TT IIa Bakmi Jawa consists of stewed noodles with chicken broth, though vendors usually sell other dishes such as fried noodles or fried rice. a b c d e f g h i j k - √ - - - - - - - - √