Translation Equivalence Review of Related Theories

knowing that it is raining‟, and „hujan-hujanan‟, which means „going out in the rain and knowing that it is raining‟, does not have equivalent words in English 1992:22. e. The target language lacks of superordinate This happens if target language has specific words hyponyms, but it does not have general word superordinate 1992:22. f. The target language lacks a specific term hyponym Target language lacks of specific words hyponyms, but it has general word superordinate 1992:23. g. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective Physical perspective relates to where things or people are in association to one another or to a place which are expressed in pairs of words. For example, English physical perspective words „come‟ and „go‟, take‟ and „bring‟ and „arrive‟ and „depart‟. Interpersonal perspective relates to the connection of a person to others in the discourse. There are six Japanese equivalents for „give‟: „yaru‟, „ageru‟, „morau‟, „kureru‟, „itadaku‟ and „kudasaru‟. The use of those words depends on who gives to whom 1992:23. h. Differences in expressive meaning This happens if a word from target language has the same meaning as the source language, but it has different expressive meaning. The translator usually adds a modifier or an adverb to make the word sounds more natural and equivalent. The word „batter‟ has a Japanese equivalent „tataku‟ which means „to beat‟ with an additional equivalent adverb „savagely‟ or „ruthlessly‟ 1992:23. i. Differences in form Certain suffixes and prefixes which give propositional and types of meaning do not have equivalent meaning in target language. For example, English has –able suffix, like in the words „retrievable‟ and „drinkable‟. In Arabic, the translator will paraphrase them, „can be retrieved‟ and „suitable for drinking‟ 1992:24. j. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms It happens if the target language has different use of word in frequency, even though it is equivalent with source language. This can cause unusual language for the target text readers. English uses –ing form frequently. Therefore, if it is applied in German –ing form, it can make the word sounds unnatural 1992:24. k. The use of loan words in source text Target language loans words from source language. In other words, some words in source language are not translated into target language because equivalent words from target language are unlikely to be found. For instance, the English word „sensible‟ has different meaning with the German „sensibel‟ which means „sensitive‟ 1992:25.

4. Translation Informativeness

As said by Carroll, a translation is informative if it has high fidelity in which it should have very small possibility of misrepresentation of the source text Carroll, 1966:57. It means that the informativeness of a translation is shown by its conformity to the source text, that it does not give distortion of the original text.