The Non-Equivalence problems and informativeness of the indonesian and english texts in article bakmi jawa, javanese style in bilingual Magazine ENAK, Jogja culinary guide.
xiv ABSTRACT
Atmannes, Nina Christina Kefas. The Non-Equivalence Problems and Informativeness of the Indonesian and English Texts in Article “Bakmi Jawa,
Javanese Style” in Bilingual Magazine ENAK, Jogja Culinary Guide.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
In order to produce a good translation, some aspects of translation need to be considered. Equivalence and informativeness are two important aspects in translating a text. Those two aspects were the objects of the study in analysing sentences of a bilingual text, Indonesian and English, “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese
Style” from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide.
There were two objectives in this study. The first objective was to find out the non-equivalence problems found in the Indonesian and English texts in the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the bilingual magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide. The second one was to assess and to examine how informative the English translation to people for whom English is their first or second language.
Theories were applied to support the analysis of the non-equivalence problems of both texts, while, the analysis of translation informativeness uses field research method. It needs not only data from the article, but also an observation to TT readers by distributing questionnaires.
In the end, two findings were found in this study. The article “Bakmi Jawa,
Javanese Style” is categorized as not equivalent based on Baker’s indicators of
non-equivalence. Meanwhile, the article is informative based on Carroll’s indicators of translation informativeness with the average score 1.23.
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xv ABSTRAK
Atmannes, Nina Christina Kefas. The Non-Equivalence Problems and Informativeness of the Indonesian and English Texts in Article “Bakmi Jawa,
Javanese Style” in Bilingual Magazine ENAK, Jogja Culinary Guide.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Beberapa aspek terjemahan perlu diperhatikan untuk menghasilkan sebuah terjemahan yang baik. Keterpadanan dan keinformatifan merupakan dua aspek penting dalam menerjemahkan sebuah teks. Penerapan kedua aspek tersebut dilakukan untuk menganalisis kalimat-kalimat pada artikel dwi-bahasa, bahasa
Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris, “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” yang diambil dari sebuah majalah dua bahasa ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide.
Terdapat dua tujuan pada penelitian ini. Tujuan yang pertama adalah mengetahui masalah-masalah ketidakterpadanan terjemahan bahasa Inggris pada
artikel “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” dari sebuah majalah dwi-bahasa ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide dengan teks aslinya. Tujuan kedua yaitu mengukur dan meneliti bagaimana keinformatifan teks terjemahan bahasa Inggris pada artikel tersebut bagi masyarakat dimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa utama ataupun kedua.
Teori-teori pendukung digunakan sebagai acuan untuk menganalisis masalah-masalah ketidakterpadanan kedua teks. Sementara itu, metode penelitian lapangan diperlukan untuk menganalisis keinformatifan. Metode ini tidak hanya membutuhkan data dari artikel saja, tetapi juga penelitian terhadap masyarakat yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama ataupun kedua dengan cara membagikan kuesioner.
Pada akhirnya, terdapat dua hasil penelitian. Artikel “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese
Style” dikategorikan tidak sepadan berdasarkan indikator-indikator ketidakterpadanan oleh Baker. Sementara itu, artikel dwi-bahasa tersebut dinilai informatif setelah analisis hasil kuesioner dilakukan menggunakan indikator-indikator keinformatifan milik Carroll dengan rata-rata skor 1,23.
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THE NON-EQUIVALENCE PROBLEMS AND INFORMATIVENESS OF THE INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH TEXTS
IN ARTICLE “BAKMI JAWA, JAVANESE STYLE”
IN BILINGUAL MAGAZINE ENAK: JOGJA CULINARY GUIDE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Nina Christina Kefas Atmannes Student Number: 114214016
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2015
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ii
THE NON-EQUIVALENCE PROBLEMS AND INFORMATIVENESS OF THE INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH TEXTS
IN ARTICLE “BAKMI JAWA, JAVANESE STYLE”
IN BILINGUAL MAGAZINE ENAK: JOGJA CULINARY GUIDE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Nina Christina Kefas Atmannes Student Number: 114214016
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA 2015
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v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis
Yogyakarta, July 30, 2015
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vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Nina Christina Kefas Atmannes
Nomor Mahasiswa : 114214016
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE NON-EQUIVALENCE PROBLEMS AND INFORMATIVENESS OF THE INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH TEXTS
IN ARTICLE “BAKMI JAWA, JAVANESE STYLE”
IN BILINGUAL MAGAZINE ENAK: JOGJA CULINARY GUIDE beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 30 Juli 2015
Yang menyatakan,
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vii
So,
don’t let anyone bring you down, don’t take no for an answer
and work harder than everyone else.
Anything is possible if you really want it.
Find your passion, what makes you truly happy and run with it.
If you love what you do, work will never feel like work
and you will succeed.
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viii
Dedicated to:
Bapak
Ibu
Leonora
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ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to show my immeasurable gratitude to my parents for their unending supports, everlasting loves, and everything they give to me. I also would like to thank my uncle and his family for any supports and helps during my study in Universitas Sanata Dharma.
I cannot express enough thanks to Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, as my advisor, for the assistance, motivations, helps and suggestions which significantly improved any subjects and this thesis. I also would like to thank Mr. Francis Borgias Alip, as my co-advisor, for the supports and ideas to complete this thesis. To my friends who share priceless things, I thank you. The moments of happiness and sorrow were best placed in my memory.
I am also truly grateful for having my sister, Leonora, who gives me the never-ending encouragement, experience and the willingness to help me find respondents. I would like to thank Agri for the relentless supports and care. I thank you for becoming my first escape of any feelings I get, especially during the making of this thesis.
To all my friends whose names I cannot mention, the respondents and anyone who have helped me to make this happen, I thank you.
Putting Him in the last does not mean unimportant. I am immensely and extremely grateful to Jesus Christ for giving me the people mentioned above and letting them help me to make His promise to me come true.
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x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi
MOTTO PAGE ... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x
LIST OF TABLES AND CHART ... xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
ABSTRAK ... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 3
C. Objective of the Study ... 4
D. Definition of Terms ... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ... 6
B. Review of Related Theories ... 8
1. Theory of Translation ... 8
2. Theory of Equivalence ... 9
3. Theory of Non-Equivalence ... 10
4. Theory of Translation Informativeness ... 12
C. Theoretical Framework ... 14
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xi
A. Areas of Research ... 15
B. Object of the Study ... 15
C. Method of the Study ... 16
D. Research Procedure ... 16
1. Types of Data ... 16
2. Data Collection ... 17
3. Population and Sample ... 19
4. Data Analysis ... 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 21
A. The Non-Equivalence Problems ... 22
1. Culture-Specific Concepts ... 23
2. The Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the TL ... 29
3. The Use of Loan Words in Source Text ... 31
4. Other Problems ... 33
B. The Informativeness of English Translation ... 35
1. Data Analysis Based on the Score of Each Sentence ... 35
2. Data Analysis Based on the Score of Each Respondent ... 41
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 46
APPENDICES ... 48
Appendix 1: Data Taken as Analysis ... 47
Appendix 2: Table of Data and Collection ... 49
Appendix 3: Questionnaire of Translation Informativeness ... 52
Appendix 4: Recapitulation of Translation Informativeness Questionnaires ... 57
List of Tables and Charts Table 2.1. Table of Indicators of Informativeness ... 13
Table 2.2. Table of Category of Informativeness ... 13
Table 3.1. Table of Example of Equivalence Data Collection ... 18
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xii
Table 3.3. Table of Example of Equivalence Data Analysis ... 19
Table 3.4. Table of Example of Informativeness Data Analysis ... 20
Picture 4.1. Gerobak Dorong ... 26
Picture 4.2. Pushcart ... 26
Picture 4.3. Warung Tenda ... 27
Picture 4.4. “Tent” ... 27
Chart 4.1. Culture-Specific Concepts Percentage ... 28
Chart 4.2. Source –Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language Percentage ... 30
Chart 4.3. The Use of Loan Words in Source Text Percentage ... 32
Chart 4.4. Informative Data Percentage ... 41
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xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ST : Source Text TT : Target Text SL : Source Language TL : Target Language I : Informative NI : Not Informative M : Mean
Σ : Total Score R1 : Respondent 1 R2 : Respondent 2 R3 : Respondent 3 R4 : Respondent 4
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xiv ABSTRACT
Atmannes, Nina Christina Kefas. The Non-Equivalence Problems and Informativeness of the Indonesian and English Texts in Article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in Bilingual Magazine ENAK, Jogja Culinary Guide.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
In order to produce a good translation, some aspects of translation need to be considered. Equivalence and informativeness are two important aspects in translating a text. Those two aspects were the objects of the study in analysing sentences of a bilingual text, Indonesian and English, “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide.
There were two objectives in this study. The first objective was to find out the non-equivalence problems found in the Indonesian and English texts in the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the bilingual magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide. The second one was to assess and to examine how informative the English translation to people for whom English is their first or second language.
Theories were applied to support the analysis of the non-equivalence problems of both texts, while, the analysis of translation informativeness uses field research method. It needs not only data from the article, but also an observation to TT readers by distributing questionnaires.
In the end, two findings were found in this study. The article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” is categorized as not equivalent based on Baker’s indicators of non-equivalence. Meanwhile, the article is informative based on Carroll’s indicators of translation informativeness with the average score 1.23.
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xv ABSTRAK
Atmannes, Nina Christina Kefas. The Non-Equivalence Problems and Informativeness of the Indonesian and English Texts in Article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in Bilingual Magazine ENAK, Jogja Culinary Guide.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Beberapa aspek terjemahan perlu diperhatikan untuk menghasilkan sebuah terjemahan yang baik. Keterpadanan dan keinformatifan merupakan dua aspek penting dalam menerjemahkan sebuah teks. Penerapan kedua aspek tersebut dilakukan untuk menganalisis kalimat-kalimat pada artikel dwi-bahasa, bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris, “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” yang diambil dari sebuah majalah dua bahasa ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide.
Terdapat dua tujuan pada penelitian ini. Tujuan yang pertama adalah mengetahui masalah-masalah ketidakterpadanan terjemahan bahasa Inggris pada artikel “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” dari sebuah majalah dwi-bahasa ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide dengan teks aslinya. Tujuan kedua yaitu mengukur dan meneliti bagaimana keinformatifan teks terjemahan bahasa Inggris pada artikel tersebut bagi masyarakat dimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa utama ataupun kedua.
Teori-teori pendukung digunakan sebagai acuan untuk menganalisis masalah-masalah ketidakterpadanan kedua teks. Sementara itu, metode penelitian lapangan diperlukan untuk menganalisis keinformatifan. Metode ini tidak hanya membutuhkan data dari artikel saja, tetapi juga penelitian terhadap masyarakat yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa utama ataupun kedua dengan cara membagikan kuesioner.
Pada akhirnya, terdapat dua hasil penelitian. Artikel “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” dikategorikan tidak sepadan berdasarkan indikator-indikator ketidakterpadanan oleh Baker. Sementara itu, artikel dwi-bahasa tersebut dinilai informatif setelah analisis hasil kuesioner dilakukan menggunakan indikator-indikator keinformatifan milik Carroll dengan rata-rata skor 1,23.
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1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
English is globally used by people around the world. They practice spoken and written English in their daily life. English is needed to do many intercontinental activities. Communicating with foreign people in social media, having jobs outside the country, studying abroad, and having a holiday trip to another country use English as the international language, regardless of the native languages of the country visited.
Indonesia is one of thousand destinations of the intercontinental activities. Many beautiful places in Indonesia attract tourists that some of them decide to live here. English is inevitably used for interaction between tourists and Indonesians. The use of spoken and written English recently increases to make Indonesia be a magnet for tourism.
Not only information on boards, but also tickets and brochures in tourism places are written in English. Local people even publish magazines written in English for tourists, like a bilingual magazine published in Jogja, ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide. This magazine which is about culinary in Yogyakarta is written bilingually in Indonesian and English.
Based on its official Facebook page, the articles of ENAK magazine are firstly written in Indonesian. They are then translated into English. Mildred L. Larson states that “translation is basically a change of form” (1984:1). In this
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case, it means that forms of language in the Indonesian article is subtituted to the English ones. She adds that the aim of translation is transferring the meaning conveyed in the source text into the target text. All forms in the original text are changed into forms which the target text has, except the meaning (1984:1). Both of the two languages must have the same meaning or message, but they have different sentence structure, grammar, and socio-cultural background. To reach this target, translating texts needs to pay attention to translation aspects.
Equivalence and informativeness of a translation becomes two important aspects. According to Catford, the most important aspect which has to be considered in translation is the equivalence between the source language and the target language (1965:21). If people from the target language naturally comprehend the translated text the way people from source language do, then the translation is successful.
Equivalence is when the representation of a text of a language is naturally substituted to the representation of the other language (Bell, 1991:6). In a word, source language and target language must have the same message in both texts.
A good translation must be informative if it has high fidelity in which it should have diminutive possibility of misrepresentation of the source text (Carroll, 1966:57). It means that the informativeness of a translation is shown by its conformity to the source text, so that it does not give twist of the original text.
In some cases, Indonesians do not understand a text translated from English even though it is aimed for them. There must be a possibility that foreign people, especially English native speakers, do not get the meaning of a text translated
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from Indonesian. To highlight the phenomenon above, this research analyses an article taken from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide volume 12 published in August 2014 entitled “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” as the object. This article is written in both Indonesian and English. Hence, this research examines whether the translation meets some important translation requirements.
The equivalence and the informativeness of a translation related to the research shows how equivalent and informative the English translation of the article. This research is worth studying for since the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” written in a magazine freely distributed to tourists who are visiting Jogja. Thus, how equivalent the article to Indonesians and tourists is and how informative the article to the foreign people is are answered in this research.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two problems formulated in this research as follows.
1. How is the equivalence of the Indonesian and English texts in the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the bilingual magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide?
2. How is the informativeness of the English translation in the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the bilingual magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide?
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C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective is to assess and to find out whether the English translation in the article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the bilingual magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide is equivalent with the Indonesian text or not. The result of the equivalence is discovered after both texts are analysed with theory of non-equivalence problems.
The second objective is to examine how informative the English translation to the English native speakers is. The translation is informative if the English translation does not have misrepresentation from the original text.
D. Definition of Terms
Translation; As stated by Newmark (1981:7), is defined as an exercise which consists in the attempt to replace a written message in one language by the same message in another language. In a word, translation is substituting a text from one language into another language and delivering the same message in it.
Equivalence; Translation equivalence occurs when a SL and a TL text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the same features of substance (Catford: 1965, 50). It means that both SL and TL texts must convey the same message, so that people from TL do not miss a message or meaning which people from SL know.
Informativeness; A translation is informative if it has high fidelity in which it should have diminutive possibility of misrepresentation of the source text
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(Carroll, 1966:57). It means that the informativeness of a translation is shown by its conformity to the source text, that it does not give twist of the original text.
Bilingual texts or parallel texts; As said by Hatim (2004:345), are texts written in two languages. Both texts, source text and target language, are printed on the same pages.
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6
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
The research uses two related studies about the equivalence and informativeness of English translation. The first related study is Michelle Apriana Kurniadi‟s “The Equivalence and The Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in The Subtitle of The Film Ice Age 3: Dawn of The Dinosaur”. The second related study belongs to Diana Fransiska‟s ”Translation Problem Solving on Informativeness: Tracing the Translation Process Using Think-Aloud Protocols and Screen Recording Methods”. Both related studes are the thesis of undergraduate students from Sanata Dharma University.
1. Kurniadi’s thesis “The Equivalence and the Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in The Subtitle of The Film Ice Age 3: Dawn of The Dinosaur”
This undergraduate thesis discusses the equivalence and acceptability of movie subtitle translation of Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaur. Kurniadi focuses on the subtitle expressing the irritation and annoyance of the characters. She applies the indicators of equivalence in which a text is equivalent if there are no missing message, additional words, and mistranslation in the target text. In the end of her undergraduate thesis, she concludes that a translation can be acceptable even though the translation is not equivalently correct. Visual scenes in a movie can help people in target language understand what the producer intends.
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Even though this present study also focuses on equivalence, this study has another different focus and different object from Kurniadi‟s. Kurniadi focuses on the equivalence and acceptability of a movie subtitle, while this study discusses equivalence using Mona Baker‟s theory of non-equivalence problems and the other translation aspect, that is the informativeness of English translation from an article of a bilingual magazine.
2. Fransiska’s ”Translation Problem Solving on Informativeness: Tracing the Translation Process Using Think-Aloud Protocols and Screen Recording Methods”
In her thesis, Fransiska focuses on how people use translation strategies to solve their translation tasks and how informative the result of their translation to target text readers. She uses think-aloud protocols method which means a method expecting people to express their mental process while they perform tasks and screen recording method which means a software recording all changes in computer while someone operating it. To complete her experiment, she uses Carroll‟s theory of translation informativeness.
The first observation were two students with different religious backgrounds were asked to translate a Christian text and an academic text. Their verbalized thoughts then were recorded. Any changes that the students made, such as clicks, correction, cursor movement and the use of internet and electronic dictionary were also recorded with screen recorder program. It came out that those students had different performance in translating the two kinds of text. They also applied different translation strategies. Over all, the Islam student got higher score of the
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translation informativeness than the Catholic one, even though the Catholic was better in translating the Christian text. It meant that background of knowledge, intelligence, socio-culture and religious became a great factor in translating a text.
Fransiska focuses on translation strategies and informativeness of how two different people with different background translate the same texts. On her analysis of informativeness, she applies Carroll‟s theory of informativeness. Even though this study also uses Carroll‟s theory to analyse translation informativeness, it observes different object from Fransiska‟s, that is an article fro a bilingual magazine.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Translation
Translation is a translator‟s or translators‟ course of action in replacing a language from a source text into another language of a target text in a specific socio-cultural context (Hatim, 2004:6). In brief, translation is a process of changing a text from source language into target text done by a translator, or translators and it needs to consider the social and cultural situation of the target people.
As stated by Nida, the new focus in translation is not only in the form of message, but also the response of the receptor (1974:1). In other words, in the process of translating, the translator must think more about the message conveyed and the response of target text readers while reading the target text.
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Catford (1965:1) states that translation is a process of replacing a text from one source language into a target language. It means that translation is a substituting operation done in two languages, source language and target language, and focused on a text. The translation includes textual material, such as grammar, lexical items and graphological form (1965:20).
In the book, it is added that equivalence between source language and target language is the vital problem in translation (Catford, 1965:21). Translating a text must consider the equivalence between two languages.
2. Translation Equivalence
Catford states that a textual translation is equivalent when source language text is replaced by target language equivalents. Target language equivalents mean grammar, lexis and graphology (1965:20). A translation is considered as equivalent if the target text has the correct grammar, lexis and graphology which are understandable by target text readers the way the source text readers do.
In Baker‟s book, it is stated that the right and proper equivalence always depends not only on the translator‟s linguistic methods, but also on the writer of the source text and the procedure of the target text (1992:18). Background of the source text readers and the target text readers, socio-culture in particular, is a big factor which has to be concerned about.
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3. Theory of Non-Equivalence
If the target text and the source text have an equivalence aspect in the term of meaning, there must be texts which are not equivalent to the source texts. Baker (1992:21-25) mentions eleven common problems of non-equivalence:
a. Culture-specific concepts
It happens if the source language is translated into an idea that target readers feel unfamiliar with. It usually associates with a social custom, a religious belief, or a type of food (1992:21).
b. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language
A word in the source language is translated into target language, but it is not lexicalized. It means that the target language is not assigned to express it. For example, the word „standard‟ in English, which means „ordinary‟ or „not extra‟, does not have any equivalent in Arabic. It happens so even though „standard‟ expresses an idea that people easily understand (1992:21).
c. The source-language word is semantically complex
It happens if a word in the source language is semantically complex that it does not have an equivalent word to translate in target language. For instance, English does not have the equivalent of Brazilian word „arruaçāo‟ which means „clearing the ground under coffee trees of rubbish and piling it in the middle of the row in order to aid in the recovery beans dropped during harvesting‟ (1992:22).
d. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning There are few distinction words in meaning in target language than in source language. Indonesian words „kehujanan‟, that means „going out in the rain and not
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knowing that it is raining‟, and „hujan-hujanan‟, which means „going out in the rain and knowing that it is raining‟, does not have equivalent words in English (1992:22).
e. The target language lacks of superordinate
This happens if target language has specific words (hyponyms), but it does not have general word (superordinate) (1992:22).
f. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)
Target language lacks of specific words (hyponyms), but it has general word (superordinate) (1992:23).
g. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Physical perspective relates to where things or people are in association to one another or to a place which are expressed in pairs of words. For example, English physical perspective words „come‟ and „go‟, take‟ and „bring‟ and „arrive‟ and „depart‟. Interpersonal perspective relates to the connection of a person to others in the discourse. There are six Japanese equivalents for „give‟: „yaru‟, „ageru‟, „morau‟, „kureru‟, „itadaku‟ and „kudasaru‟. The use of those words depends on who gives to whom (1992:23).
h. Differences in expressive meaning
This happens if a word from target language has the same meaning as the source language, but it has different expressive meaning. The translator usually adds a modifier or an adverb to make the word sounds more natural and equivalent. The word „batter‟ has a Japanese equivalent „tataku‟ which means „to beat‟ with an additional equivalent adverb „savagely‟ or „ruthlessly‟ (1992:23).
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i. Differences in form
Certain suffixes and prefixes which give propositional and types of meaning do not have equivalent meaning in target language. For example, English has –able suffix, like in the words „retrievable‟ and „drinkable‟. In Arabic, the translator will paraphrase them, „can be retrieved‟ and „suitable for drinking‟ (1992:24).
j. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
It happens if the target language has different use of word in frequency, even though it is equivalent with source language. This can cause unusual language for the target text readers. English uses –ing form frequently. Therefore, if it is applied in German –ing form, it can make the word sounds unnatural (1992:24). k. The use of loan words in source text
Target language loans words from source language. In other words, some words in source language are not translated into target language because equivalent words from target language are unlikely to be found. For instance, the English word „sensible‟ has different meaning with the German „sensibel‟ which means „sensitive‟ (1992:25).
4. Translation Informativeness
As said by Carroll, a translation is informative if it has high fidelity in which it should have very small possibility of misrepresentation of the source text (Carroll, 1966:57). It means that the informativeness of a translation is shown by its conformity to the source text, that it does not give distortion of the original text.
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According to Carroll in An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations in Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics, focusing on informativeness in translation needs to consider some informativeness scales. There are two indicators of informativeness assessment used. They are assessed from how target people consider the target text has any differences in conveying the meaning.
Table 2.1. Indicators of Informativeness by Carroll (with modification)
Score Informativeness Indicators
1
The target text is as informative as the source text. There is not any different meaning from the words chosen, grammar, and sentence structure between the target text and the source text.
2
There are words chosen in target text which are not appropriate. They make the target text less informative and cause the target people to have different understanding. The target text has different meaning from the meaning intended in the source text.
There are also two categories of informativeness assessed from the average score of each data.
Table 2.2. Category of Informativeness Based on Scores (with modification)
Score Category
1.00 - 1.50 Informative 1.51 - 2.00 Not informative
To be able to know the category of the score obtained, there is an equation: M =
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M stands for mean, the average point. is for the total numbers of informativeness scores per data. N is used for the total numbers of the data. The result of the M will show what informativeness category the text is.
C. Theoretical Framework
The definitions of translation according to Hatim (2004), Nida (1974) and Catford (1965); the definitions of equivalence as stated by Catford (1965) and the definition of informativeness as said by Carroll (1966) are applied as the basic of the topic discussed in this present study. The aim is to know what translation, equivalence, and readability are. The theory of non-equivalence by Baker (1992), including her eleven non-equivalence problems, are also needed as the indicators of equivalence and non-equivalence to answer the first problem formulation. The indicators of informativeness by Carroll (1966) are used to answer the second problem formulation.
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15
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Areas of Research
The area of this research is text analysis and translation research. It analyses both of the source text and target text. The analysis includes the translation problems in both texts, in this case, the equivalence of both texts and the informativeness of the target text to target text readers. According to Williams and Chesterman (2002:6), the text analysis and translation research area do not only analyse both of the text, but also compare the source text and target text. First step needed is analysing the communicative situation of the translation. It meant that who the target people are and what function it have must be considered. Then, comparing the source text and target text based on the translation problems can be conducted.
B. Object of the Study
The objects of the research were the original text and its translation of the article “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide in a form of sentences. This meant the translatable units were all Indonesian and English sentences from all paragraphs of both the source text, Indonesian, and the target text, English.
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C. Method of the Study
The research applied a library research method for understanding the equivalence translation problem of both texts and translation informativeness. Theories were obtained from books and a journal to support the analysis. To examine the informativeness, the researcher used a field research method. It needed not only data from the article, but also an observation to target text readers by distributing questionnaires. The results of the questionnaires were then rated using indicators of translation informativeness.
The data used were primary data. They were taken from a bilingual article of “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide, not from other sources. The primary data was required for the analysis of the equivalence and the informativeness.
D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data a. Objective Data
Objective data consisted of all Indonesian sentences of all paragraphs from Indonesian version of the article “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” and all English sentences of all paragraphs from English version of the similar article. Both texts were taken from a bilingual culinary magazine published in Jogja for tourists who visited the city, ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide. All objective data, Indonesian and English sentences, were used to analyse the two problem formulations.
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b. Affective Data
For informativeness translation problem, affective data were also needed. They were obtained from the answers of the questionnaires distributed to four foreigners whose English was their first or second language. The respondents were three Americans and a Filipino who at the moment work for international course in Universitas Sanata Dharma known as ICEE (International Course of English Excellence) and taught English for students who did not take English as their study program. They then were taken as the respondents in order the get qualified data. It was because the source text was in Indonesian and it was translated in English for tourists who visited Jogja and read the “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” article.
2. Data Collection
The first step needed to collect the data was by reading, retyping and coding all Indonesian and English sentences from both texts, “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” from bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide. There were 13 Indonesian sentences and 14 English sentences found in each text. The total of sentences of each language were different in which one sentence in the Indonesian text were translated into two English sentences. The Indonesian sentence intended was the eleventh sentence or in data code 11/ST/IV/a and translated into the eleventh and twelfth English sentences or in data code 11/TT/IV/ a-b.
The study of non-equivalence problems and translation informativeness needed the 13 Indonesian sentences and 14 English sentences.
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Table 3.1. The Example of Equivalence Data Collection:
Data ST Data TT
1/ST /I/a
Tidak ada cara lebih baik untuk menikmati Jogja yang santai dan tradisional selain menyantap sepiring bakmi hangat dan fresh di warung tenda pinggir jalan pada malam hari.
1/TT /I/a
There‟s no better way to get a feel for this relaxed yet traditional city than eating a plate of warm noodles at night, served fresh at a roadside stall.
in which,
1 : number of data ST : Source Text TT : Target Text
I : order of paragraphs a : order of sentences
Similar to the analysis of equivalence, the informativeness analysis also needed the 13 Indonesian sentences and 14 English sentences. However, this analysis needed additional data which was the the result of the questionnaires distributed to the respondents.
Table 3.2. The Example of Informativeness Data Collection:
Data ST Data TT
5/ST /II/b
Kesegaran Bakmi Jawa adalah selling point yang kuat.
5/TT /II/b
The freshness of Javanese noodles is a strong selling point. in which,
1 : number of data ST : Source Text
I : order of paragraphs a : order of sentences
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3. Population and Sample
The data which were analysed are all sentences including 13 Indonesian sentences from 5 paragraphs in Indonesian version of article “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” and 14 English sentences from 5 paragraphs in the English version one.
4. Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the analysis of equivalence was done based on Baker‟s indicators of equivalence and non-equivalence which could be seen in Chapter II, Review of Related Theories. Here is the table of example of how the first sentence in “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” was analysed based on Baker‟s indicators of equivalence and non-equivalence:
Table 3.3. The Example of Equivalence Data Analysis:
Data ST Data TT
1/ST /I/a
Tidak ada cara lebih baik untuk menikmati Jogja yang santai dan tradisional selain menyantap sepiring bakmi hangat danf resh di warung tenda pinggir jalan pada malam hari.
1/TT /I/a
There‟s no better way to get a feel for this relaxed yet traditional city than eating a plate of warm noodles at night, served fresh at a roadside stall.
a b c d e f g h i j k
in which,
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k : the indicators of equivalence and non-equivalence based on Baker‟s (1992:21-25).
For analysing the translation informativeness, questionnaires were distributed to respondents for whom English was their first or second language.
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The results of the questionnaires were then rated using Carroll‟s indicators of translation informativeness.
Table 3.4. The Example of Informativeness Data Analysis:
Data ST Data TT 1 2
5/ST /II/b
Kesegaran Bakmi Jawa adalah selling point yang kuat.
5/TT /II/b
The freshness of Javanese noodles is a strong selling point. Notes:
in which,
1 and 2 : the score given based on Carroll‟s indicators of informativeness
Notes : any comments and suggestions given by the respondents to clarify why they give certain score on each sentence
The scoring was based on John B. Carroll‟s indicators of translation informativeness. It could be seen in Table 2.1. and Table 2.2. in Chapter II.
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21
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
It is mentioned previously how the equivalence of source and TT is very important and how the informativeness of TT can give significance to TT readers. Those two ideas are applied in the form of problem formulations which are analysed in the article of ”Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide Volume 12 published in August 2014.
To support the research, stated in Chapter II, two related studies, Michelle Apriana Kurniadi‟s “The Equivalence and The Acceptability of Irritation Expression Translation in The Subtitle of The Film Ice Age 3: Dawn of The
Dinosaur” and Diana Fransiska‟s ”Translation Problem Solving on
Informativeness: Tracing the Translation Process Using Think-Aloud Protocols and Screen Recording Methods”, and related theories are used. The theories of Mona Baker‟ indicators of non equivalence from her book In Other Words and John B. Carroll‟s indicators of informativeness from his study An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations in Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistic are applied in the analysis of equivalence and informativeness.
There are 13 Indonesian and 14 English sentences taken from the bilingual article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” which are analysed. The data used are not only from the 27 sentences, but also from the results of the questionnaires distributed to TT readers.
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The following consists of the analysis of the two problem formulations. The first subchapter scrutinizes how equivalent each sentence of source language to the target language‟s. Baker‟s theory of non-equivalence (1992) are applied in this part. The second subchapter analyses the degree of informative the TT to readers for whom English is their first or second language. The results of questionnaires distributed to the respondents are rated using Carroll‟s indicators of informativeness (1966).
A. The Non-Equivalence Problems Found in the Indonesian and English
Texts in the Article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in the Bilingual
Magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide
In this part, 13 Indonesian and 14 English sentences are analysed. The analysis uses Baker‟s theory as the indicators of non-equivalence (1992). The eleven indicators are symbolized with a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j and k. Those can be seen in Chapter II.
There are seven sentences which are categorized as non-equivalent with culture-specific concepts problem, seven sentences which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, seven sentences which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of the use of loan words in ST and three sentences categorized as non-equivalent out of the eleven indicators of non-equivalence by Baker. The first problem mentioned is symbolized with a, the second is b and the third is k. The last problems of the three sentences has no symbol because they are not included in the Baker‟s indicators from a to k.
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1. Culture-Specific Concepts
Culture-specific concepts problem based on Baker‟s is a problem of non -equivalence which happens if the source language is translated into an idea that target readers feel unfamiliar with. It usually associates with a social custom, a religious belief, or a type of food (1992:21). The background of ST readers and TT readers determines the understanding of the text intended.
The seven data which are categorized as non-equivalent with culture-specific concept problem are 1/ST/I/a - 1/TT/I/a, 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 3/ST/I/c - 3/TT/I/c, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 10/ST/III/b - 10/TT/III/b and 13/ST/V/a - 13/TT/V/a. The analysis below are from data 1/ST/I/a - 1/TT/I/a, 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 3/ST/I/c - 3/TT/I/c and 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a. Data 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e and 10/ST/III/b - 10/TT/III/b have the similar cause of problem, therefore they are not put.
Data ST Data TT
1/ST /I/a
Tidak ada cara lebih baik untuk menikmati Jogja yang santai dan tradisional selain menyantap sepiring bakmi hangat dan fresh di warung tenda pinggir jalan pada malam hari.
1/TT /I/a
There‟s no better way to get a feel for this relaxed yet traditional city than eating a plate of warm noodles at night, served fresh at a roadside stall.
a b c d e f g h i j k
√ - - - - - - - - - - What becomes a culture-specific concept problem is the different ambience. Indonesian people, especially Javanese, must know how it feels to be in the ambience as said in the ST. They feel the traditional way to eat a portion of warm noodle in an Indonesian food stall. They also smell the aroma of the food mixed
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with the smoke from charcoal. Meanwhile, TT readers might not feel the atmosphere stated in the ST, except for those who have visited Jogja and tasted the food as mentioned. The shape and the material of the TT readers‟ food stall is different from the Indonesian‟s. The food offered is also different. The TT readers‟ food stall usually sells bread-typed food, such as hotdog and burger.
The different cultures between ST readers and TT readers produces different ambience in every situation they go through. The atmosphere of eating traditional food in ST readers‟ place and that in TT readers‟ place are different. In this case, for example, the ambiences of taking a bath in English native speaker‟s place and in Indonesia are also felt to be different.
In addition to the non-equivalence, the absence of the word Jogja in TT is considered as non-equivalence. TT readers do not get the information about the name of the city where they can enjoy a plate of warm noodles.
Data ST Data TT
2/ST /I/b
Dimasak diatas tungku arang, sepiring kelezatan ini dikenal sebagai Bakmi Jawa.
2/TT /I/b
Cooked over a clay oven with charcoal fuel, this bowl of noodles is a delicacy known as Bakmi Jawa or Javanese noodles.
a b c d e f g h i j k
√ √ - - - - - - - - √ The second data also has culture-specific concept problem. Tungku arang, which is a traditional stove used by some Indonesians, is translated into “clay oven with charcoal fuel”. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat, tungku arang is a support for a cooking pot that is put in kitchen and made from stone (2008:1505). It is usually used by Indonesian people who live in
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village and do not want to spend much money on buying gas for cooking. They also usually use it for cooking in great amount, like in a traditional wedding. However, it is unfamiliar in where the TT readers live. They usually use electrical oven or stove to cook.
Culture-specific concept problems can cause different understanding for TT readers in reading the TT. It is because what TT readers have in their homeland is not similar to what ST readers have.
Data ST Data TT
3/ST /I/c
Aroma bakmi bercampur dengan asap dari arang, menciptakan aroma yang menggugah selera.
3/TT /I/c
The noodles‟ aroma mixes with the charcoal smoke, making for a distinct and delectable aroma.
a b c d e f g h i j k
√ - - - - - - - - - - How the noodles‟ aroma mixes with the smell of the charcoal smoke in ST may not be usual for TT readers. They know how the charcoal smoke mix with the noodles if they cook them in a camp with open fire. The ingredients used to cook noodles in ST readers‟ place and in TT readers‟ are different. Therefore, they make different aroma. Unless TT readers have tasted Bakmi Jawa in Jogja, they never know how the smell of noodles mixed with the charcoal smoke.
The culture-specific concept can be no problem or it can be said that the texts are equivalent if it is checked through the TT readers‟ background. In this case, they have experienced eating Bakmi Jawa where Bakmi Jawa is offered.
Data ST Data TT
9/ST /III/a
Penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan dimana saja dan warung mereka bisa dengan
9/TT /III/a
Bakmi Jawa vendors are scattered all over the place and the stalls can be easily
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mudah dikenali dengan: warung tenda sederhana, dilengkapi tungku arang, bangku panjang, gerobak dorong, dan daging ayam digantung sebagai display.
identified as simple tents, equipped with a charcoal stove, long bench and pushcart, along with chicken meat hanging on display.
a b c d e f g h i j k
√ √ - - - - - - - - √ The first problem is culture-specific concept. As said in the previous data, “clay oven” is unfamiliar for TT readers. In my observation, gerobak dorong in Indonesia and “pushcart” in where the target people live have different shape. Gerobak dorong which is used for Bakmi Jawa is made of wood. It also has a traditional shape. While “pushcart” is made of steel. Its canopy is usually made of plastic or fabric.
Picture 4.1. Gerobak dorong Picture 4.2. “Pushcart”
(www.doktergerobak.blogspot.com) (www.pushcartusa.com) Picture 4.1. and Picture 4.2. show that gerobak dorong used for selling Bakmi Jawa and “pushcart” used for selling foods are different. The materials and shapes of both gerobak dorong and “pushcart” are not similar and not equivalent.
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The words tenda intended in the ST and “tent” is the TT are in different shape and function. Tenda which is for selling foods in Indonesia is like a small shop made from wood as the frame and plastic or fabric as the cover and canopy. According to Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition, “tent” is a shelter made of canvas or nylon which is used for camping, not for selling foods (2010:1540).
Picture 4.3. Tenda Picture 4.4. “Tent”
(www.kulineronline.com) (www.globe-views.com) Picture 4.3. shows tenda with its banners made of fabric to cover the food stall and its long wooden benches. Compared to Picture 4.3., Picture 4.4. is extremely different. The two things have excessively different functions, tenda in Picture 4.3. is for selling foods while “tent” in Picture 4.4. is for camping.
In addition, the words “chicken meat” also have the culture-specific concept problem. “Chicken meat” here are literally translated from the words daging ayam. As said by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat, daging means a part of slaughtered-animal‟s body which is eaten as food (2008:286). Indonesians add ayam after the word daging to show what kind of meat they intend. In this case, daging is translated into “meat” and ayam into
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“chicken”. However, most of TT readers only use the word “chicken” to describe the chicken meat.
Chart 4.1. Culture-Specific Concepts Percentage
The chart shows that data 1/ST/I/a - 1/TT/I/a, 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 3/ST/I/c - 3/TT/I/c, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 10/ST/III/b - 10/TT/III/b and 13/ST/V/a - 13/TT/V/a are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of culture-specific concepts by Baker.
33.3%
33.3% 33.3%
Culture-Specific Concepts
Culture-specific concepts
The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL
The SL word is semantically complex
The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning The TL lacks of superordinate
The TL lacks a specific term
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Differences in expressive meaning
Differences in form
Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
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2. The Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language This problem happens when a word from source language is translated into target language, but it is not lexicalized. It means that the target language does not have the equivalent lexical item to express it. For example, the word „standard‟ in English, which means „ordinary‟ or „not extra‟, does not have any equivalent in Arabic. It happens so even though „standard‟ expresses an idea that people easily understand (Baker, 1992:21).
The seven data which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language are 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c. The analysis below are from data 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b. Data 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c have the similar cause of problem, therefore they are not put.
Data ST Data TT
2/ST /I/b
Dimasak diatas tungku arang, sepiring kelezatan ini dikenal sebagai Bakmi Jawa.
2/TT /I/b
Cooked over a clay oven with charcoal fuel, this bowl of noodles is a delicacy known as Bakmi Jawa or Javanese noodles.
a b c d e f g h i j k
√ √ - - - - - - - - √ There are no words precisely expressing the words Bakmi Jawa in TT. Even though the translator tries to substitute Bakmi Jawa with Javanese noodle, it still is not accurately allocated to be expressed in TT. Bakmi Jawa and “Javanese
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noodle” are the expression of a traditional Javanese food which is historically and originally made in Java, not in the TT readers‟ place. Earlier the Javanese sold Bakmi Jawa in Yogyakarta and Central Java (www.inijogja.co.id). Therefore, the TT readers do not have the equivalent lexical item of the words Bakmi Jawa in their countries.
Chart 4.2. Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language Percentage
The chart shows that data 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b
33.3%
33.3% 33.3%
Source-Language Concept Not Lexicalized in the Target Language
Culture-specific concepts
The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL
The SL word is semantically complex
The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning The TL lacks of superordinate
The TL lacks a specific term
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Differences in expressive meaning
Differences in form
Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
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and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of source-language concept not lexicalized in the target language by Baker.
3. The Use of Loan Words in ST
The problem of the use of loan words in ST happens when target language loans words from source language. In other words, some words in source language are not translated into target language because equivalent words from target language are unlikely to be found. For instance, the English word „sensible‟ has different meaning with the German „sensibel‟ which means „sensitive‟ (Baker, 1992:24-25).
The seven sentences which are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of the use of loan words in ST are data 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c. The analysis below are from data 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a. Data 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c have the similar cause of problem, therefore they are not put.
Data ST Data TT
4/ST /II/a
Bakmi Jawa terdiri dari rebusan bakmi dengan kaldu ayam, meski penjual biasanya juga menjual menu lain seperti bakmi goreng atau nasi goreng.
4/TT /II/a
Bakmi Jawa consists of stewed noodles with chicken broth, though vendors usually sell other dishes such as fried noodles or fried rice.
a b c d e f g h i j k
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The TT uses loan words from the ST, Bakmi Jawa, because they do not have the specific words to express Bakmi Jawa. As stated by Baker, a loan word is functional if it is repeated several times and explained in the very first loan word written (1992:34). After the text is wholly read, it fully completes Baker‟s problem of non-equivalence and its strategy about the use of loan word from source language. The text explains what Bakmi Jawa is in the beginning, then uses the words Bakmi Jawa until the end of it.
Chart 4.3. The Use of Loan Words in ST Percentage
33.3%
33.3% 33.3%
The Use of Loan Words in ST
Culture-specific concepts
The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL
The SL word is semantically complex
The SL and TL make different distinctions in meaning The TL lacks of superordinate
The TL lacks a specific term
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
Differences in expressive meaning
Differences in form
Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
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The chart shows that data 2/ST/I/b - 2/TT/I/b, 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 7/ST/II/d - 7/TT/II/d, 8/ST/II/e - 8/TT/II/e, 9/ST/III/a - 9/TT/III/a, 11/ST/IV/a - 11/TT/IV/a-b and 12/ST/IV/b - 12/TT/IV/c are categorized as non-equivalent with the problem of the use of loan words in ST by Baker.
4. Other Problems
The other problems are found out of the eleven indicators of non-equivalents by Mona Baker which are symbolized with letters from a to k. The other problems found are the choice of words, anomaly in the use of words, and sentence structure. The data categorized in these problems are data 4/ST/II/a - 4/TT/II/a, 5/ST/II/b - 5/TT/II/b and 6/ST/II/c - 6/TT/II/c.
Data ST Data TT
4/ST /II/a
Bakmi Jawa terdiri dari rebusan bakmi dengan kaldu ayam, meski penjual biasanya juga menjual menu lain seperti bakmi goreng atau nasi goreng.
4/TT /II/a
Bakmi Jawa consists of stewed noodles with chicken broth, though vendors usually sell other dishes such as fried noodles or fried rice.
a b c d e f g h i j k
- √ - - - - - - - - √
The TT has the problem of the choice of word. As stated in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat, the word kaldu means liquid made by boiling meat (2008:607). While “broth” means thick soup made by boiling meat or fish and vegetables in water (Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition, 2010:180). In this case, kaldu that is one of the ingredients of Bakmi Jawa is not in the form of thick liquid. Kaldu is a runny liquid. Therefore, the word “broth” in TT can be best
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replaced by “stock” which means a liquid made by cooking meat or bones in water used for making soups and sauces (2010:1468).
Data ST Data TT
5/ST /II/b
Kesegaran Bakmi Jawa adalah selling point yang kuat.
5/TT /II/b
The freshness of Javanese noodles is a strong selling point.
a b c d e f g h i j k
- √ - - - - - - - - √
There is not any problem in TT. However, the ST is found to be anomalous. There are words which are not written in Indonesian, selling point. The source language borrows words from target language which is considered as the opposite of the use of loan words in source text by Mona Baker. This phenomenon can happen with the possibility of the lack of knowledge of the writer of the Indonesian words of selling point.
Data ST Data TT
6/ST /II/c
Masakan ini dimasak segera setelah dipesan, satu persatu setiap kalinya.
6/TT /II/c
The dish is cooked fresh as soon as ordered, usually one portion at a time.
a b c d e f g h i j k
- √ - - - - - - - - √
The words dimasak segera setelah dipesan is literally translated into “cooked fresh as soon as ordered”. There are missing words which needs to be added, so that the TT has the correct structure. The TT can be changed into “The dish is cooked fresh as soon as it is ordered, usually one portion at a time.”
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B. The Informativeness of the English Translation in the Article “Bakmi
Jawa, Javanese Style” in the Bilingual Magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide
There are 13 Indonesian and 14 English sentences which are analysed in the following. To support the analysis, the theory and indicators (with modification) of translation informativeness by Carroll (1966) are used. They can be seen in Chapter II. The data are in the form of the results of questionnaires distributed to respondents who consist of four people, the three are Americans and one is Filipino. A sentence is scored 1 if it is considered as informative and is scored 2 if it is considered as not informative. In the end, the average score of each sentence is obtained to find out whether the sentence is completely informative.
The following analysis are divided into two parts. The first part is the analysis based on the score given by the four respondents for each sentence, ST and TT. The second part is the analysis of all data in which the score is given by each respondent.
1. Data Analysis Based on the Score of Each Sentence
Each sentence, ST and TT in the same data number, are scored by the four respondents. The total score given divided by the total respondents to find the average score. From the four questionnaires, the results show that all sentences, with data code from 1/ST/I/a - 1/TT/I/a to 13/ST/V/a - 13/TT/V/a, are informative. Even though they are all informative, the total scores of each sentence, ST and TT in the same data number, are varied. There are three
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sentences with the total score 4, eight sentences with the total score 5 and two sentences with the total score 6.
a. Informative Translation with Average Score 1.00
The sentences are categorized as informative if the target text is as informative as the source text. There are not any different meaning from the words chosen, grammar, and sentence structure between the target text and the source text. The average score of the sentence, by finding the total score of the sentence and dividing it by the total respondents, is informative if it is in the range of 1.00 - 1.50.
There are three sentences which are accurately informative because there are not any different meaning from the words chosen, grammar, and sentence structure found in ST and TT. It is proved by the score 1 given on the three sentences. The sentences that have the total score 4 are in data code 2/TT/I/b, 4/TT/II/a and 6/TT/II/c.
Data ST Data TT I NI
2/ST /I/b
Dimasak diatas tungku arang, sepiring kelezatan ini dikenal sebagai Bakmi Jawa.
2/TT /I/b
Cooked over a clay oven with charcoal fuel, this bowl of noodles is a delicacy known as
Bakmi Jawa or
Javanese noodles.
√
The four respondents think that the TT is informative. They do not find any different meaning from the words chosen in TT. The words clay oven with charcoal fuel is found to be vital. Clay oven is a traditional stove made of stone. How the clay oven works does not need gas or electricity, but it uses
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charcoal. Clay oven is usually used by Indonesians who live in village or want to decrease the use of their income. TT readers, especially the Americans, may find the clay oven with charcoal fuel unusual. They usually use electrical oven or stove to cook. It has no problem if they have eaten Bakmi Jawa and know the shape of clay oven with charcoal fuel .
Data ST Data TT I NI
4/ST /II/a
Bakmi Jawa terdiri dari rebusan bakmi dengan kaldu ayam, meski penjual biasanya juga menjual menu lain seperti bakmi goreng atau nasi goreng.
4/TT /II/a
Bakmi Jawa consists of stewed noodles with chicken broth, though vendors usually sell other dishes such as fried noodles or fried rice.
√
The four respondents consider the TT is informative. However, according to Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition, the definition of “broth” is different from kaldu‟s. “Broth” is defined to be thicker than kaldu in Bakmi Jawa. It is also made by boiling water with meat or fish or vegetables. The word “broth” can be best substituted by “stock”. “Stock” is liquid made by boiling water with meat or bones (2010:1468). In this case, kaldu ayam is made by boiling the meat of chicken including its bones in order to get runny liquid.
b. Informative Translation with Average Score 1.25
Otherwise, the sentences are categorized as not informative if there are words chosen in target text which are not appropriate. The words make the target text less informative and cause the TT readers to have different understanding. The target text has different meaning from the meaning intended in the source text. The average score of the sentence, by finding the total score of the sentence
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and dividing it by the total respondents, is not informative if it is in the range of 1.51 – 2.00.
Even though all sentences are informative, eight sentences have the average score 1.25 in which one of the four respondents considers the sentences are not informative. The eight sentences are 1/TT/I/a, 3/TT/I/c, 5/TT/II/b, 8/TT/II/e, 9/TT/III/a, 10/TT/III/b, 12/TT/IV/b and 13/TT/V/a.
Data ST Data TT I NI
5/ST /II/b
Kesegaran Bakmi Jawa adalah selling point yang kuat.
5/TT /II/b
The freshness of Javanese noodles is a strong selling point.
√
One of the respondents does not understand the TT meaning. The relation between the freshness of Javanese noodles and strong selling point is found to be unclear. The TT readers may not understand what freshness means in TT. What becomes a strong selling point is needed to be explained more. The freshness intended in TT is how fresh Bakmi Jawa is when the customers eat after the vendor finishes cooking it. The freshness tasted is what people call it the strong selling point .
Data ST Data TT I NI
9/ST /III/a
Penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan dimana saja dan warung mereka bisa dengan mudah dikenali dengan:
warung tenda
sederhana, dilengkapi tungku arang, bangku panjang, gerobak dorong, dan daging ayam digantung sebagai
9/TT /III/a
Bakmi Jawa vendors are scattered all over the place and the stalls can be easily identified as simple tents, equipped with a charcoal stove, long bench and pushcart, along with chicken meat hanging on display.
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display.
R4 questions the words simple tents . There is a problem of the choice of words in TT. R4 does not understand why simple tents are used in selling Bakmi Jawa. As stated in Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition, “tent” is used for camping which is made of nylon or canvas (2010:1540). In reality, there is no relation between “tent” based on Oxford Dictionary 8th Edition and Bakmi Jawa. The words “simple tent” can be replaced by paraphrasing or describing the real meaning of tenda sederhana. This strategy can make the respondents understand what the text really intends.
Data ST Data TT I NI
10/S T/III /b
Penjual mulai
mendirikan tenda dari senja hingga larut malam.
10/T T/III /b
Vendors begin setting up their stalls from dusk until late into the night.
√
One of the four respondents considers the data above is not informative. R3 thinks the TT is awkward in English. The TT choice of words is found to be not precise. The use of from dusk until late into the night is unusual for some TT readers. The words can be changed into from dusk until late night .
The use of word begin is also found unnecessary. The word begin causes different understanding that the setting up of the stalls is started from dusk until late night. Therefore, begin can be omitted, in order to make the best understanding from TT readers.
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c. Informative Translation with Average Score 1.50
Two sentences have the total score 6 or average score 1.50 in which two respondents assume the sentences are not informative. Those ten sentences are still informative by average. The sentences with the total score 6 are in data code 7/ST/II/d and 11/TT/IV/a-b.
Data Source Text Data Target Text I NI
7/ST /II/d
“Memasak Bakmi Jawa yang benar adalah memasaknya satu persatu, setiap porsi mendapatkan perlakuan istimewa.
7/TT /II/d
“The right way to cook Bakmi Jawa is to cook portions one by one, giving a special treat for each portion.
√
R1 and R4 give score 1 for the TT above. However, R2 and R3 find the TT not informative. R2 does not think the meaning of TT is completely translated in an understandable way. While R3 says that there is inappropriate choice of words. Giving a special treat for each portion are better replaced with making each portion a special treat .
Data Source Text Data Target Text I NI
11/S T/IV /a
Meski penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan dimanapun di Jogja, beberapa lebih terkenal dari yang lain, misalnya Bakmi Jawa Mbah Pele di Alun-Alun Utara, Bakmi Jawa Kadin di Bintaran dan Bakmi Jawa Mbah Mo di Trirenggo Bantul.
11/T T/IV / a-b
While Bakmi Jawa can be found all over Jogja, some Bakmi Jawa vendors in particular are famous for their cooking. Some of the most reputable include: Bakmi Jawa Mbah Pele in Alun-Alun Utara, Bakmi Jawa Kadin in Bintaran and Bakmi Jawa Mbah Mo in Trirenggo Bantul.
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R2 and R3 think that the TT is informative, while R1 and R4 do not agree with them. R1 says that the words in particular are unnecessary. The TT is felt to be confusing by R4. To make the TT more informative, adding more information, like the addresses of the Bakmi Jawa vendors, are needed. The location of Alun-Alun Utara, Bintaran and Trirenggo can be described more briefly. Therefore, the respondents know that those places are still in Yogyakarta Special Region.
The analysis above shows that all sentences are considered as informative. Three sentences, 2/TT/I/b, 4/TT/II/a and 6/TT/II/c, are informative with the average score 1.00, eight sentences, 1/TT/I/a, 3/TT/I/c, 5/TT/II/b, 8/TT/II/e, 9/TT/III/a, 10/TT/III/b, 12/TT/IV/b and 13/TT/V/a, are informative with the average score 1.25 and two informative sentences, 7/ST/II/d and 11/TT/IV/a-b, with the average score 1.50.
Chart 4.4. Informative Data Percentage
2. Data Analysis Based on the Score of Each Respondent
To find the average score, the total score of all sentences given by one respondent divided by the total numbers of sentences. The range scale is similar to
Informative Data Percentage
Data with average score 1.00 Data with average score 1.25 Data with average score 1.50
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Appendix 2: Questionnaire of Translation Informativeness
QUESTIONNAIRE OF TRANSLATION INFORMATIVENESS
Dear respondents,
In accordance to the making of thesis entitled The Equivalence and Informativeness of English Translation in Article “Bakmi Jawa, Javanese Style” in Bilingual Magazine Enak: Jogja Culinary Guide, I need your
willingness to answer this following quetionnaire.
The following tables show each sentence of an article “Bakmi Jawa: Javanese Style” taken from a bilingual magazine ENAK: Jogja Culinary Guide Volume 12 freely published in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This magazine is for tourists who visit Yogyakarta, especially the ones from outside Indonesia. The article is first written in Indonesian and then it is translated in English, therefore I need you to answer the questionnaire to know how informative each English sentence of this article to English native speakers. Thank you for your help.
Yours sincerely, Nina C. K. Atmannes Student of Universitas Sanata Dharma
There are two alternative answers for each sentence in the following tables. Please kindly give check (√) on one of the two alternative answers which you think is the most suitable with indicators given. These are the indicators that you need to consider:
Score 1, if the target text is as informative as the source text. There is not any different meaning from the words chosenbetween the target text and the source text.
Score 2, if there are words chosen in target text which are not appropriate. They make the target text less informative and cause you to have different
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understanding between the source text and the target text.The target text has different meaning from the meaning intended in the source text.
You can give your notes, comments, reasons, suggestions, or clarification of each sentence in the columns given.
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
1/ST /I/a
Tidak ada cara lebih baik untuk menikmati Jogja yang santai dan tradisional selain menyantap sepiring bakmi hangat dan fresh di warung tenda pinggir jalan pada malam hari.
1/TT /I/a
There‟s no better way to get a feel for this relaxed yet traditional city than eating a plate of warm noodles at night, served fresh at a roadside stall.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
2/ST /I/b
Dimasak diatas tungku arang, sepiring kelezatan ini dikenal sebagai Bakmi Jawa.
2/TT /I/b
Cooked over a clay oven with charcoal fuel, this bowl of noodles is a delicacy known as Bakmi Jawa or Javanese noodles.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
3/ST /I/c
Aroma bakmi bercampur dengan asap dari arang, menciptakan aroma yang menggugah selera.
3/TT /I/c
The noodles‟ aroma mixes with the charcoal smoke, making for a distinct and delectable aroma.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
4/ST /II/a
Bakmi Jawa terdiri dari rebusan bakmi dengan kaldu ayam, meski penjual biasanya juga menjual menu lain
4/TT /II/a
Bakmi Jawa consists of stewed noodles with chicken broth, though vendors usually sell other dishes such as fried
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seperti bakmi goreng atau nasi goreng.
noodles or fried rice.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
5/ST /II/b
Kesegaran Bakmi Jawa adalah selling point yang kuat.
5/TT /II/b
The freshness of Javanese noodles is a strong selling point. Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
6/ST /II/c
Masakan ini dimasak segera setelah dipesan, satu persatu setiap kalinya.
6/TT /II/c
The dish is cooked fresh as soon as ordered, usually one portion at a time.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
7/ST /II/d
“Memasak Bakmi Jawa yang benar adalah memasaknya satu persatu, setiap porsi mendapatkan perlakukan istimewa.
7/TT /II/d
“The right way to cook Bakmi Jawa is to cook portions one by one, giving a special treat for each portion.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
8/ST /II/e
Dan harus dimasak dengan tungku tanah liat dan arang, untuk kelezatan sempurna,” Nur, salah satu penjual Bakmi Jawa di Jl. Bantul, menjelaskan.
8/TT /II/e
And it should be cooked using a clay oven with charcoal to make the most of its delicacy,” explained Nur, a Bakmi Jawa vendor on Jl. Bantul.
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Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2 9/ST
/III/a
Penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan di mana saja dan warung mereka bias dengan mudah dikenali dengan: warung tenda sederhana, dilengkapi tungku arang, bangku panjang, gerobak dorong, dan daging ayam digantung sebagai display.
9/TT /III/a
Bakmi Jawa vendors are scattered all over the place and the stalls can be easily identified as simple tents, equipped with a charcoal stove, long bench and pushcart, along with chicken meat hanging on display.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
10/S T/III /b
Penjual mulai
mendirikan tenda dari senja hingga larut malam.
10/T T/III /b
Vendors begin setting up their stalls from dusk until late into the night. Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
11/S T/IV /a
Meski penjual Bakmi Jawa bisa ditemukan dimanapun di Jogja, beberapa lebih terkenal dari yang lain, misalnya Bakmi Jawa Mbah Pele di Alun-Alun Utara, Bakmi Jawa Kadin di Bintaran dan Bakmi Jawa Mbah Mo di Trirenggo Bantul.
11/T T/IV / a-b
While Bakmi Jawa can be found all over Jogja, some Bakmi Jawa vendors in particular are famous for their cooking. Some of the most reputable include: Bakmi Jawa Mbah Pele in Alun-Alun Utara, Bakmi Jawa Kadin in Bintaran and Bakmi Jawa Mbah Mo in Trirenggo Bantul.
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Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2 12/S
T/IV /b
Konon mantan Presiden Suharto dan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono memiliki penjual Bakmi Jawa favorit mereka, bahkan salah satu penjual itu biasa dipanggil ke istana negara di Jakarta pada hari Kemerdekaan Indonesia.
12/T T/IV /c
It is said that former President Suharto and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) had their own favorite Bakmi Jawa vendors in Jogja, and even one of them used to get invited to the presidential palace in Jakarta on Independence Day.
Notes:
Data Source Text Data Target Text 1 2
13/S T/V/ a
Cobalah beberapa Bakmi Jawa yang terkenal, atau coba penjual lain yang Anda temui untuk sebuah masakan otentik dan tradisional.
13/T T/V/ a
Try some of these famed vendors or take a chance and try the next one you see at night for an authentic traditional meal.
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Appendix 3: Recapitulation of Translation Informativeness Questionnaires
Data R1 R2 R3 R4 Σ M Category
1/TT/I/a 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
2/TT/I/b 1 1 1 1 4 1.00 I
3/TT/I/c 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
4/TT/II/a 1 1 1 1 4 1.00 I
5/TT/II/b 1 2 1 1 5 1.25 I
6/TT/ II/c 1 1 1 1 4 1.00 I
7/TT/II/d 1 2 2 1 6 1.50 I
8/TT/II/e 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
9/TT/III/a 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
10/TT/
III/b 1 1 2 1 5 1.25 I
11/TT/
IV/a 2 1 1 2 6 1.50 I
12/TT/
IV/b 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
13/TT/
V/a 1 1 1 2 5 1.25 I
Σ 14 15 15 20
M 1.07 1.15 1.15 1.53 1.23 I