Research Type Research Setting
c. Process validity Process validity meant that actions that are done in the research were
believable. To get the process validity, the researcher collected the data by doing observation, and noted the events during the implementation of the action
research. The researcher took note and recorded anything that happened in the teaching learning process of the class VIIC students at SMP N 2 Depok.
d. Catalytic validity Catalytic validity relates to the extent to which the research allows
participants to deepen their understanding of the social realities of the context and how they can make changes within it. In order to fulfill this validity the researcher
interviewed the English teacher and the students by asking about their responses to the changes occurring to themselves.
e. Dialogic validity Dialogic validity means that the stakeholders could participate in the
process of the research. To get the dialogic validity, the researcher did peer review in action research. It would mean dialogue with practitioner peers, either through
collaborative enquiry or reflective dialogue with ‘critical friends’ or other practitioner researchers who can act as ‘devil’s advocates’.
To get the trustworthiness of the data and to avoid subjectivity in analyzing the data, the researcher uses triangulation. Furthermore, Burns 1999:
164 proposes four forms of triangulation namely time triangulation, space triangulation, investigator triangulation, and theoretical triangulation. The
researcher used three of them as follows:
a. Time triangulation Time triangulation means that data were collected at one point in
time or over a period of time to get a sense of what factors were involved in the change process. In this regard, the researcher conducted the action
in two cycles which one cycle consisted of three-five meetings. b. Space triangulation
The data were collected across different subgroups of people involving the students with various backgrounds of knowledge and
different levels of English proficiency. c. Investigator triangulation
In this way, more than one observer was involved in the same research setting to avoid the biased interpretation. The research
collaborated with English teacher to act as observer.