Delimitation of the Problems

vocabulary, reading help students to improve their writing, reading may be a good way to practice English if students live in a non-English speaking country, reading can help students prepare for study in an English-speaking country, and reading is a good way to find out about new ideas, facts, and experiences”. In this regard, they emphasize the essence of reading which is really useful for the students to improve not only the English proficiency mastery but also the knowledge and insight. Reading is a receptive skill which is to receive any information as the input data. Many experts have defined what reading is. According to Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams 2005: 21, reading is one of the four language skills which it is a receptive skill as same as listening. It deals with making sense of the text that encompasses understand the language of the text at word level, sentence level, and whole-text level. In addition, Johnson 2008: 3-4 defines that “reading is the practice of using text to create meaning, reading is a constantly developing skill, reading integrates visual and non visual information, and reading is the act of linking one idea to another”. From his four definitions, He explains that reading is not only just sounding out words but also catching the meaning, to be a good reader is to be more practice reading, the visual information and non visual information are related each other to create meaning, and reading also link one idea to another to make comprehension about the text. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that reading is a valuable skill in order to get information by inferring and comprehending any written works which involve a text, a reader, and a social context.

b. Reading Sub Skills

In reading, there are some ways in order to achieve the intended goal. The intended goal in reading will influence the ways of how we read. In this regard, the reading sub skill also determines the success of reading. Spratt, Pulverness, and Williams 2005: 22 state that there are five sub skills of reading. Those are reading for specific information or scanning, reading for gist or skimming, reading for detail, extensive reading, and intensive reading. Firstly, scanning is used when the reader want to find a piece information in the text which the reader does not read the whole text. The reader just read the intended topic or information that is interested in. Secondly, skimming is reading quickly through a text to get a general idea of what text is about. Next, reading for detail is reading deeply the text to get the meaning of the text in detail. Then, extensive reading is reading long pieces of text such as a story or an article. According to Brown 2001: 313, extensive reading is done to get the general understanding of usually longer text such as book, long article, and essays. Usually, extensive reading is done in the outside of class time for example reading for pleasure. Lastly, intensive reading is used to make aware how language is used. In addition, Brown 2001: 312 states that “intensive reading is usually a classroom-oriented activity in which students focus on the linguistic or semantic details of the passage”. The intensive reading has the specific purpose like knowing the grammatical forms, discourse markers, and other surface structure details for the purpose of understanding literal meaning, implications, and rhetorical relationships.