meaning whether SL and TL are relatable or not. According to Nida, there are two types of equivalence defined as follows :
a. Formal Equivalence
Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself on both form and content. One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should
match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. Nida, 1964a:159. It means that formal equivalence is a “gloss” translation. It has a
close assessment to the ST structure which leads to the accuracy and correctness.
b. Dynamic Equivalence
Dynamic, or functional, equivalence is based on what Nida calls’ the principle of equivalent effect’, where ‘the relationship between receptor and
message should subtantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message’ Nida, 1964a:159. It means that dynamic
equivalence focuses on the naturalness of the translation. To achieve the naturalness, the adaptations of grammar, lexicon, and of cultural references are
needed.
For Nida, the success of translation depends above all on achieving equivalent response. It is one of ‘four basic requirements of translation’, which are
a. making sense; b. conveying the spirit and manner of the original; c. having a natural and easy form of expression; d. producing a similar response. Nida,
1964a:164 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3. Theory of Idioms
Idioms, according to Peter Newmark in Approaches to Translation, are defined as phrases or word-groups whose meaning cannot be elicited from the
separate meanings of each word of which they are formed. Idioms never translated word for word because they are either colloquial or slang, it is often
difficult to find a target language equivalent with the same degree of informality. An idiom or fixed expression may have no equivalent in the target language.
The way a language chooses to express, or not express, various meanings cannot be predicted and only occasionally matches the way another language chooses to
express the same meanings Baker, 1992:68. To determine the applied strategy used in translating idiomatic expressions,
the understanding of idiom’s form is needed. Therefore the researcher using Fernando theory to classify the form of idioms. According to Fernando 1995:35-
36, idioms can be grouped into three sub-classes :
a. Pure Idioms
A pure idiom is a type of conventionalized, non-literal multiword expression whose meaning cannot be understood by adding up the meanings of the words
that make up the phrase. For example the expression spill the beans is a pure idiom, because its real meaning has nothing to do with beans.
b. Semi Idioms
A semi-pure, on the other hand, has at least one literal element and one with a non-literal meaning. For example Foot the bill i.e. pay is one example of a
semi-idiom, in which foot is the non-literal element, whereas the word bill is used literally.
c. Literal Idiom
Literal idioms, such as on foot or on the contrary are semantically less complex than the other two, and therefore easier to understand even if one is not
familiar with these expressions. These expressions may be considered idioms because they are either completely invariant or allow only restricted variation
From all the definitions above, it is clear that idiom is a phrase or sentence whose meaning is not predictable, and cannot be deduced from its constituent
words, so that it must be learnt as a whole or unity.
4. Theory of Phrasal Verbs
According to Leech and Svartvik in A Communicative Grammar of English, phrasal verbs are defined as the combination of verb and adverb.
Leech and Svartvik, 1975:263. Quirk and Greenbaum 1973:348 say that the meaning of the combination cannot be predicted from the meanings of the verb
and particle in isolation, for example catch on =”understand”, give in =”surrender”. Phrasal verbs also can take an object. The adverb can either
come before or follow a noun object, for example: a.
they turned on the light or b.
they turned the light on. In some cases phrasal verbs with objects look identical to verbs followed
by a prepositional phrase, for example: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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