ISSN 2086-5953
0.00 1.00
2.00 3.00
4.00 5.00
6.00 7.00
8.00 9.00
10 20
30 40
jam pengamatan
L o
g C
F U
m l
A B
C D
E
Figure 1. Microbial growth in noodle during room temperature incubation
From sensorial analysis shown in Table 4, the results confirmed that chitosan coating were
generally recognized and received by consumers with the highest hedonic values went to the wet
noodle dipped in 0.5 chitosan solution. Noodle cleansing after dipping generally had higher
hedonic values with the highest went to the 1 chitosan.
3.3 Chitosan antimicrobial properties
The graphic
of total
viable cell
contaminating noodle confirmed that during 40 hours of incubation microbial cell number was
inhibited by chitosan. Cell number of non-treated chitosan samples were increased while decrease in
chitosan-dipped noodle in concentration depending manner.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Chitosan dipping method was able to change chemical and physical properties of wet noodle in
concentration depending manner, despite the low amount of retained chitosan. Noodle dipped in
chitosan solution was also sensorial accepted. Chitosan was also confirmed to be able to delay
deterioration and inhibit microbial growth in noodle samples. All these results suggested the potential of
chitosan as noodle biopreservation using dipping method.
REFERENCES
[1] Made
Astawan 2001
Noodle and
Vermicelli Making.
Penebar Swadaya:
Jakarta. [2]
Anonym 2007 Dangerously Wet Noodle. http:www.vhrmedia.com 3April 2007.
[3] Muzzarrelli,
R. A.A.
1977 Chitin.
Pergamon Press: Britain. [4]
Krochta, J. M. and Mulder-Johnston, C. D. 1997 Edible and biodegradable polymer
films: challenges and opportunities. Food Technology 512: 61-74.
[5] Xu, X.Y., Kim, K.M., Hanna, M.A. and Nag,
D. 2005 Chitosan-starch composite film: preparation and characterization. Industrial
Crops and Products an International Journal 21:185-192.
[6] Tan, S.C., Tan, T.K., Wong, S.M., Khor, E.
1996 The chitosan yield of Zygomycetes at their optimum harvesting time. Carbohydr.
Polym 30, 239 –242.
[7] Krochta, John M.; Baldwin, Elizabeth,
Carriedo, Myrna Nisperos A., 2000 Edible Coatings and Films to Improve Food
Quality. CRC Press: USA.
[8] F. Devlieghere, A. Vermeulen, J. Debevere
2004 Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and
applicability as a coating on fruit and vegetables. Food Microbiology 21: 703
–714. [9]
Chen, C.S., Liau, W.Y., Tsai, G.J., 1998 Antibacterial effects of Nsulfonated and N-
sulfobenzoyl chitosan and application to oyster preservation. J. Food Prot. 61, 1124
– 1128.
[10] Cuero, R.G., Osuji, G., Washington, A.,
1991 N-carboxymethyl chitosan inhibition of aflatoxin production: role of zinc.
Biotechnol. Lett. 13, 441 –444.
[11] Rodríguez M.S., Ramos V., And Agulló E.
2003. Antimicrobial Action of Chitosan A : Without dipping
B: Acetic acid 0,5 C: Chitosan solution 0,5
D: Chitosan solution 1 E: Chitosan solution 1,5
time
ISSN 2086-5953 against Spoilage Organisms in Precooked
Pizza. Journal of Food Science 68: 271 – 274
[12] Muzarelli, R.A. 1997 Chitin and Chitosan.
Pergamon Press: Britain. [13]
Srikandi Fardiaz,. 1989. Microbiology Analysis. Food And Nutrition Center of Inter
University IPB: Bogor
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149 ISSN 2086-5953
ESTIMATION ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE PEAT FORESTRY DISTRICT AT BLOCK C AND C OF EMRP,
CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Desi Trianingsih Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, National Chiayi University
Email: desi_salazar_22yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The EMRP Ex Mega Rice Project was the biggest failure of peat land reclamation which is
began in 1997 and impact to land fire, loss of biodiversity, and also social-economy implication
at that time. Although today it became conservation area, the historical ecology background of the area
need to be explored. Therefore estimating the biomass and biodiversity approach for effectiveness
of the rehabilitation enhancement at the research area was expected to involve a restoration
contribution. The biomass approach using alometric equation non destructive sampling
which is based on Brown 1997, Ketterings et al 2001, Onrizal 2004, Ludang 2007, and species
specific equation. While biodiversity approach based on Shannon equation diversity of richness
and evenness. The result of alometric equation shows that Kettering equation is the dominantly-
matched. Then the comparison of the biomass and carbon were 10-279 tha and 75tCha during period
1990-1996, until 1.5-115 tha and 56tCha during period 1996-2000. Finally the carbon release was
0.8 MtC only at block C and D. Another result of biodiversity shows the richness and evenness index
average
of vegetation
which is
decrease significantly from 2.59 and 0.47 become 1.45 and
0.26. This study represent the impact of reclamation activities and the importance to conserve and
rehabilitate the peat land forest in order to increase carbon sequestrate activities due to peat land
potential capability as carbon storage. Keywords: peat land, aboveground biomass,
biodiversity, carbon stocks.
1 INTRODUCTION
The amount of peat land in Indonesia are about 20 million ha 10.8 from 188 million ha of
mainland Agus 2009; Murdiyarso 2004; Wahyunto et al
2005. As known generally peat land could be potential as
carbon sequestration and assumed up to 46 Gt Murdiyarso 2004. In the recent years, the
peat land area was potential target as agriculture media, which is considering the needed of food
production especially rice cultivation through Suharto regime, based on 5 years development
PELITA which is focused on the paddy producing and desire to become one of the rice exporter
country at 1984 Notohadiprawiro 1997; Sitorus 2006
. Therefore the reclamation for LULUCF
activities were happen and impact to the legal, illegal logging and forest fire Tim Rencana Induk
2008. Whereas the peat land is a unique kind of soil, when it disturbed, then will impact to decrease
many capabilities of peat land itself as potential carbon storage and ecological diversity.
The development of EMRP 1.4 million ha which is consist of A until E block and spend
money about 2000 billion rupiah, was legally decided by
Presidential Decree Keputusan Presiden
No. 821995 and No. 74199 Anonym 2007. Beside reclamation activities also bring
about 600 thousand ha of forested area, produce 1.3 million m
2
round timber and also remove 360 thousand family or 1.7 million people as a labour of
agriculture expansion Anomym 1999 kompas. Reclamation of EMRP in 1997 which is happened
without detailed preparation was resulted a damage impact, such as low water level because of
drainage, reduce the black-water ecosystem and peat biodiversity especially the rare trees, drought,
flood, illegal logging, and forest fire
Anonim 2007;
Tim Rencana Induk 2008; Wahyunto et al
2005 .
Therefore rehabilitation of EMRP was conducted and focused on the peat land which has
thickness more than 3 m deep at headwaters and swamp area declared by President Decree Keppres
No.321990 about Conservation Area, Regulation Undang-Undang No. 26 at 2007 about Section
Regulation UUTR, and form instruction of National Region Layout Plan-RTRWN Tim
Sintesis Kebijakan 2008. Then to build up an effective rehabilitation for reforested peat land it
has to consider the historical background of the ecology, which this study approach by biomass and
biodiversity were used to consider about.
Therefore, by facing the REDD+ Reducing Emission
from Deforestation
and Forest
Degradation regime which is also emphasize for
ISSN 2086-5953 conserve a rehabilitate area, at 2012 Indonesia have
to reduce the emission until 5. Then the benefit by conserve area not only keep the rare species of
trees and animal, but also earn benefit by the carbon credit that sequestrate by the area.
Hopefully this study could give an effective and efficiently contribution for the reducing emission
and also equity benefit for Indonesia through forest conservation regimes.
2 METHOD
The materials for this study are secondary data forest inventory-based of Field Data System
FDS between 1990-1996 and 1996-2000 by Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, ArcGIS 9.2,
ERDAS, FOXPRO, and SPSS.
2.1 Field Data System FDS
