ISSN 2086-5953 within oneself due to the aggression which is
intended to particular people. Study pointed out that forgiving person showed more emphaty toward
each other Tangney et al., 1999, in McCullough Witvliet, 2005. Forgiveness has a positive
correlation with physical health as well Miller, Smith, Turner, Guijarro, Hallet, 1996; Williams
Williams, 1993, in McCullough Witvliet, 2005. Moreover, forgiveness is an intoxification of
the hostility conducted by others Kaplan, 1992, in McCullough Witvliet, 2005. Hostility itself has a
negative correlation with physical health Miller, Smith, Turner, Guijarro, Hallet, 1996; Williams
Williams, 1993, dalam McCullough Witvliet, 2005. It can be stated that forgiveness and
aggression are negatively correlated
It is important to develop forgiveness within oneself, considering the virtue and benefit in it as
explained before. The development is important conducted at the adolescense stage, where the
transition from childhood to adult occured Sarwono, 1989. At this stage, the individual is
developing self adjustment with their surroundings, and is trying to develop appropriate values which
are acceptable in their society. This stage ranges from 18 to 24 years old Sarwono, 1989.
Averagely, mostly college students in Indonesia lie between that range. Thus, this study is important to
be conducted among college students who are entering their adolesence stage.
When the individual is showing forgiveness, tendency of their basis motivation and behavior in
facing transgressor becomes more positive, and less negative resentment, avoiding. Aikido teachs the
individual to behave positively by stopping and forgiving, instead of behave negatively toward their
opponent.
2 MODEL, ANALYSIS, DESIGN,
AND IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 1. Model of Enhancing Forgiveness Through Aikido Practicing
2.1 Forgiveness
Forgiveness reflects increased in prosocial motivation toward another such that there is less
desire to avoid the transgressing person and to harm or to seek revenge toward that person, and 2
increased desire to act positively toward the transgressing
person McCullough,
2000; McCullough et al., 1998, in Snyder Lopez, 2007.
The definition stated before is also used as dimension of forgiveness, those are avoidance
motivations, revenge motivations, and benevolence motivations.
Some experts define forgiveness as an absence of
negative responses toward the transgressor. For example is a Transgression-
Related Interpersonal
Motivations Inventory
McCullough et al., 1998, dalam Rye et al., 2001, which is concepted only to measure the absence of
revenge and respond to avoid. Yet, some other experts suggested that the presence of positive
responds toward transgressor must be included.
The transgression can cause some impacts, both physically and psychologically McCullough,
Root, Cohen, 2006. It drives people to avoid the transgressor as well as to strive for revenge toward
himher. People who experience such a way tend to become depressed Brown, 2003, in McCullough,
Root, Cohen, 2006, phobia and experience panic disorder Kendler, Liu, et al., 2003, in McCullough,
Root, Cohen, 2006, as well as interfering the simphatic neuro and cardiovasculer systems
Witvliet, Ludwig, Vander Laan, 2001, in McCullough, Root, Cohen, 2006. Therefore,
forgiveness must be developed in order to have a proper respond in facing the transgression within
individual
and to
enhance physical
and psychologically well being.
Subkoviak et al. 1995, in Rye et al., 2001 stated that when forgiving, people tend to overcome
their hate toward the transgressor, yet doesn‘t deny
their right to experience it. People who forgive tend to express their kindness, compassion, and even
give love toward the transgressor. The same concept also stated by the Rye and colleagues
2001 who define forgiveness as a respond toward the transgressor which include some aspect like the
release of negative affection e.g. hostility, cognition e.g. thought to take a revenge, and
behavior e.g. verbal aggression, as well as having a positive responses toward the transgressor e.g.
compassion. Some factors that affect forgiveness are emphaty, wound caused by, asking for apology,
and
the relationship
with the
transgressor McCullough et. Al., 1998.
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2.2 Aikido
