ISSN 2086-5953 health workers. To address this issue, the MoH have
a policy on special assignment for specific areas including remote and country border areas. In
relation to this policy, the MoH currently assess the legal aspects of conducting cooperation with other
parties to provide health services or to provide and manage health workers in remote health services
through contracting out mechanism. This model has been piloted by the MoH in Papua province for
posting senior residents by establishment of contract with a medical faculty. Other district with
more resources also start to pilot this mechanism through
collaboration with
religious based
organization or other civil society organizations.
4.2 Incentive Scheme for PTT
After the decentralization policy being implemented, the local level has more authority in
managing human resources including provision of incentive for personnel. It is expected that by
providing financial incentive out of salary, the motivation of personnel will improve. The amount
of incentive varies depending on the financial ability of the local government. The incentive for
specialist doctors, as an example, range from Rp. 3,5 million to Rp. 12 million approximately USD
385 to USD 1319 per month. Some local governments even provide meal allowance, housing
and vehicles or means of transportation. But, not all local governments are able to provide those
incentives Kurniati A, 2007. Many of them, especially newly developed districts, are still
financially depending on the central government. As a result, there are favorableless favorable
remote and very remote areas for health personnel.
To attract more health workers serving the remote and very remote areas, since May 2006 the
MoH RI have introduced new policies i.e. shortening service period and higher financial
incentive for the PTT medical specialist, doctors, dentists and midwives. The minimum service for
PTT doctors and dentists in very remote areas is 6 months while in remote areas is 1 year. The
financial incentive is only given to those working in very remote areas and arranged as follow 7,5
income tax included MoH, 2007
c
: Medical Specialist
:Rp 7. 500.000,00month USD 824
Doctordentist : Rp 5. 000.000,00month USD 549
Midwife :Rp 2. 500.000,00month
USD 275 These policies are applied evenly to all PTT
workers in very remote areas regardless various geographic barriers, availability of supporting
facilities and other factors. The MoH RI provide a general definition that a remotevery remote area is
an area that is difficultvery difficult to reach due to several causes such as geographical conditions
islands, mountainous, land, forest and swamp, transportation and social culture. The remoteness of
certain location is not determined by the MoH RI but by the local government which result in
different interpretation upon the same characteristic of areas. For example, a similar characteristic of
areas is considered differently as remote or very remote areas by different local governments. Due to
this issue, the regulation for shortening service period in very remote areas is then slightly changed.
The service period for the favorite locations is back
to one year while the non favorite‘s remains the same.
5 CONCLUSION
The strategy of recruitment of contracted doctor scheme PTT and incentive scheme for PTT
can be useful in terms of making health worker available in the country border area, although it
should not be a stand-alone strategy. Further research
focusing in
these variable
with multifaceted intervention could be considered
based on local situation.
REFERENCES
[1] Bappenas. 2005.
President Regulation
number 7 year 2005 on the National Medium Term Development Plan.
[2] Depnakertrans. 2008. Manpower Research in Sabah and Nunukan, East Kalimantan.
Retrieved February
13 2009
from www.nakertrans.go.id
[3] Dieleman M Harnmeijer JW. 2005. Improving Health Worker Performance: in
search of promising practices. Geneva: WHO. [4] Indonesia State Secretary. 2009. Profile of
Indonesia. Retrieved October 29, 2009 from www.indonesia.go.id
[5] Kurniati A. 2007. Incentives for Medical Workers and Midwives in Very Remote Area.
the 2
nd
Conference of Asia Pacific Action Alliance on HRH, 12-14 October 2007,
Beijing, China. [6] Kurniati A. 2008. Health Worker in The
Country Border. The 3
rd
Asia Pacific Actions Alliance on Human Resources for Health
Conference ColomboKandy, 12 – 15 October
2008.
ISSN 2086-5953 [7] MoH. 2006
a
. Health Service Profile in the Country Border Areas. Nunukan District
Health Office, East Kalimantan. Unpublished Material
[8] MoH. 2006
b
. Experience of Papua Province in providing health services in the Country
Border Areas, Papua Provincial Health Office. Unpublished Material
[9] MoH. 2006
c
. Experience of East Kalimantan Province in providing health services in the
Country Border Areas, East Kalimantan Provincial
Health Office.
Unpublished Material
[10] MoH. 2007
a
. The Evaluation and Planning of Health Services in the Country Border and
Outer Islands. Directorate General of Community Health. Unpublished Material
[11] MoH. 2007
b
. Evaluation
of Special
Assignment Program
in Remote,
Less Developed and Country Border Areas, Center
for Planning and Management of HRH, MoH. Unpublished Material
[12] MoH. 2007
c
. The Report on Financial Incentive Study for medical workers in remote
and very remote areas, Center for Planning and Management of HRH. Unpublished
Material [13] MoH. 2007
d
. The Indonesian Health Profile Year 2007. Ministry of Health of the Republic
of Indonesia. Retrieved January 2
nd
2009 from www.depkes.go.id
[14] World Bank.
2003. Decentralizing
Indonesia: A Regional Public Expenditure Review
– Overview Report. Report No. 26191- IND.
Washington DC: World Bank. [15]
World Bank. 2008. Indonesia‘s Doctor, Midwives
and Nurses:
Current Stock,
Increasing Needs, Future Challenges and Options. Unpublished material
[16] Kristiansen S, Santoso P. 2006. Surviving Decentralization:
Impacts of
Regional Autonomy on Health Service Provision in
Indonesia. Health Policy 77, 247 –259
[17] NHRHO. 2009. National Human Resources for
Health Observatory.
Retrieved November10,
2009 from
www.hrhobservatory.sd
27 ISSN 2086-5953
THE DIFFERENCE OF FORGIVENESS BETWEEN COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO PRACTICE AIKIDO AND THOSE WHO DO NOT
IN JAKARTA
Dimas Budi Prasetyo , Imelda Ika Dian Oriza Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia
Depok, Indonesia 16424 Email: dimas.prasetyo11gmail.com , orixzayahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Aikido is a modern Japanese martial art, invented by Morihei Ueshiba in the early 1930s.
Due to its unique philosophy, aikido differs with other styles of martial arts. Aikido stresses more on
self-defense than offens, although this might seem
contradictory to people‘s general understanding of martial arts, Aikido is also known as nonviolent
martial art. The goal of this study was to find the
difference of forgiveness between college students who practice aikido and those who didn‘t. The
participants were 124 students, age range between 18-24 years, at six universities 50 practicing
aikido, and 50 not practicing aikido in Jakarta. Research instrument used is the adapted TRIM-18
Transgressive-Related Interpersonal Motivations. The t-test analysis showed a significant difference
of forgiveness between the two groups. It means that the aikido group tends to forgive more than the
non aikido group. Keywords: Forgiveness, Aikido, Martial Art, Sport
and Game Psychology
1 INTRODUCTION
Aikido, is a martial art that give stress on how the individual receive and immobilize the
attacker. Its meaning can be derived from its own word, aikido, which means ‗a way to harmonize the
energy‘ Westbrook Ratti, 1970. It is not allowed to attack in aikido, which if performed can
cause bad effects towards the opponent. Olliges 2008 clearly states that aikido is a martial art
which is based on a phylosophy of loving and protecting toward each other; therefore, its aim is to
create peace and harmony among its practitioners.
Olliges 2008 found that in individuals who already internalized this phylosophy were more
helping and loving toward each other without expecting any reward. One point of this phylosophy
is the ethics of defense; a nature in defence and receiving an attack from other individual. This
ethics is explained clearly in Westbrook Ratti 1970, Aikido and The Dynamic Sphere. They
explained about four levels of defense of combat; the last level is the highest ethics. This level is
different with the other 3 levels and is considered as a basis of aikido as a pure martial art, since it
focused in defense rather than attack.
Thus, the practice of aikido include less amount of physical violence, since it focuses on
defensive technique. Individual is not only focusing on defense, but also controling the opponent so that
the opponent doesn‘t get killed or at least doesn‘t get seriously injured. Thus, the opponent is
immobilized, instead of counter-attacked. Aikido‘s philosophy has similiraty with the
character strength of forgiveness. As explained above, a coming attack and its flow is stopped. An
attack is one form of aggression, as its meaning by Berkowitz 1993, in Cox, 2007 employs 2 main
factors. First, the behavior is intended to hurt or cause a physical injury toward the others. Second,
there is an expectation of that behavior to be successfully achieved. Baron Byrne 1994
define an aggresion as a drive which has the main goal to cause pain or frustration. Aggresion can be
avoided by developing forgiveness Mauger, Saxon, Hamill, Pannell, 1996, in McCullough
Witvliet, 2005. Adler 2003 explained further that martial arts have a correlation with a reduction of
aggresion level. From this point, it is asssumed that forgiveness, which can break the flow of aggresion
within oneself toward hisher opponent, is trained in aikido. Moreover, aikido has a positive correlation
with emphaty as well. Study conducted by Harianto 2001 resulted that college students who practice
aikido showed more emphaty than those who do not in it. Emphaty is a main factor for forgiveness to
emerge McCullough et al., 1998.
Forgiveness is one of the 24 virtues possessed within oneself which is based on VIA
Classification of Strengths an antithesis of DSM Peterson Seligman, 2004 in Snyder Lopez,
2007. McCullough 2000; McCullough et al., 1998, in Snyder Lopez, 2007 stated that
forgiveness can even release the negative response
ISSN 2086-5953 within oneself due to the aggression which is
intended to particular people. Study pointed out that forgiving person showed more emphaty toward
each other Tangney et al., 1999, in McCullough Witvliet, 2005. Forgiveness has a positive
