ISSN 2086-5953 fruit and 12 varieties of spices table 1. The
awareness of local people in NPLM is the main reason of biodiversity preservation, they realized
that they lived in unfavourable climate and topography in comparison to the other area;
therefore they were more prepared for any changes. Furthermore, they are more initiating to cultivate
spices in their backyard home garden. It proved that interventions of human wisdom through TFS
could be positively protecting biodiversity.
Farmers have very fragile income with the most of them having income between Rp.500.000-
Rp.1.000.000 55.5-111.1 n = 90 which still fluctuates depend on the price when harvest season.
They can gain more then Rp.1.000.000 111.1 when good market price. The related study shows
the fluctuating farmers revenues between farmers and seasons did not guarantee sustainable of the
long term of farming system [3] and compounded with 11.25 of their income spent for rice which
make them under food insecurity [4].
3.2 Food Culture
The mother typically cooks once a day n = 184 and decides daily meal. She prepares the
spices, firewood where the activity starts normally from 9-11 am. The meals; breakfast, lunch and
dinner at the same time is prepared. For dinner, only rice is prepared, main menu is only re-heated. Rice
must be always warm; it is symbol of protection, wellness, safety, and delicacy. Fried food is
preferred but sometime boiled and sautéed also their preference. The mother get spices from weekly
market but some of them still cultivate herb and spices on their backyard home garden- NPLM.
Carbohydrate intake is 100 from rice even though they are growing different staple crops.
Whereas most of the people told in the interviews that without eating rice it is not really eating for
them. When the agricultural incomes low, mothers have to decide whether to change the meals or to
feel insecure with the food- this condition changes the food culture.
Table 1 show that only NPLM is still practicing indigenous knowledge. In NU, NAB and
NPS there are only the stories left behind. According to our investigation, rangkiang and
kapuak is no longer being used normally used as
storage. Farmers normally sell their paddies
directly on field after harvest even though not popular and banned by culture. Lately, the culture
has become flexible because they need money to make them secure. In the
1970‘s, rice became a cash crop, stimulating farmers to sell, rather than
save, their crops. This degrades traditional farming systems that are based on local wisdom.
Transforming policy through local wisdom it needs community-building and public input, which means
engaging more partners, enhancing the power of committees, knowledge building, and providing
access to information. Therefore, too effectively address the many interrelated constraints in these
culturally diverse, remote and disadvantaged communities; strong community engagement is
needed to develop solutions and mechanism rooted in the specific location and culture
[6] In food culture, an obvious fact is that
carbohydrates are consumed only from rice even though all investigated sites do have different staple
crops. Most of the people said that if they do not eat rice they have not really eaten. Fish has become the
most prominent protein sources for all sites even though some of them are far from fresh water fish.
NPLM, for example, has the lowest fish consumption even though this region is very close
to a lake. But this does not reflect that the people do not like fish, but rather that they prefer to eat fresh
fish, based on investigation only two sites consume fish; NU and NPLM. Both NAB and NPS only ate
salted fish. Cassava leaf is the common vegetable for all sites, which is very easy to grow and easy to
prepare. NPLM has the highest availability of spices, out of 29 used spices in Minangkabau`s
food, NPLM has 12, followed by NAB, NPS and NU. Most of the sites have 2-3 meals per day. Two
times a day with one peripheral meal in lapau. Three daily meals are considered without peripheral
diet.
3.3 Socio-ecology interaction
