Types of Narrative Text

14 Those are the elements of the narrative text. A good narrative text can be presented if those elements can be contained in the text. Furthermore, narrative text has some purposes, and to be close to the purpose, narrative text should have some points to make the readers easy to understand the message of the text. In addition, According to Clouse Barbara, he stated that “a narration usually includes the answers to the journalist’s questions who, what, when, where, why, and how. The narrative explains who was involved, what happened, when it happened, where it happened, why it happened, and how it happened ”. 22 C. The General Concept of Teams Games Tournaments TGT 1. The Understanding of Teams Games Tournaments TGT According to Roy Killen, “TGT was Slavin’s original version of cooperative learning DeVries Slavin, 1978. It is similar to STAD in that teachers present information to learners and then they have one another learn. The difference is the quizzes are replaced with tournaments in which learners compete with members of other teams in order to gain points for their home team ”. 23 So based on the Roy Killen definition, Teams Games Tournaments TGT has similarity with STAD but clearly the quizzes that used in STAD are replaced with tournaments in TGT. In addition, Slavin stated that “TGT is the same as STAD in every aspect but one: instead of the quizzes and the individual improvement score system, TGT uses academic tournament, in which students compete as representatives of their teams with members of other teams who are like them in past academic performance”. 24 In other word, TGT and STAD have the same several elements but different in using quizzes, STAD uses the common quizzes, while TGT uses academic tournament. 22 Barbara Fine Clouse, Patterns for a Purpose, a Rhetorical Reader 3 th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 162. 23 Roy Killen, Effective Teaching Strategies 4 th Edition, South Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2007, p, 197. 24 Robert E. Slavin, Cooperative Learning, Theory, Research, and Practice, 2 nd Edition Boston: A Simon Schucter Company, 1995, p, 84.