9
b. Possibility for development or use of the first language in ways that support cognitive development and increased second language
skills. c. Opportunities to integrate language with content-based instruction.
d. Opportunities to include a greater variety of curricular materials to stimulate language as well as concept learning.
e. Freedom for teachers to master new professional skills, particularly those emphasizing communication: and
f. Opportunities for students to act as resources for each other, thus assuming a more active role and their learning.
7
B. The General Concept of Narrative Text 1. Definition of Narrative
As written in the book entitled Text Type in English that written by Mark and Kathy A
nderson. “Narrative is a text that tells a story and, in doing so, entertains the audience. The purpose of a narrative, other than providing
entertainment, can be to make the audience think about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their emotion
”.
8
Moreover, according to Donald Pharr and Santi V. Buscemi “The narrative is the oldest structured form of human communication. The ability to process the
standard elements of a narrative seems to be genetically hardwired into the human system. Parents teach language to very young children by telling them the story.
Moreover, people spend the rest of their lives telling stories ”.
9
In addition, narrative has a general purpose, according to Betty Mattix Dietsch
“if the general purpose is to entertain and establish camaraderie, the it may no matter whether the account is fiction or fact. But when the purpose is
serious – primary to reflect, inform, or persuade-then the audience expects facts
and should receive them ”.
10
In other word, narrative has two categories are fact
7
Carolyn Kessler, op. cit., p, 2.
8
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: MacMillan Education Australia PTY LTD, 2003, p. 3
9
Donald Pharr and Santi V. Buscemi, Writing Today, Contexts and Options for the Real World, New York, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005, p. 174.
10
Betty Mattix Dietsch, Reason and Writing Well, a Rhetoric, Research Guide, Reader, And Handbook 4
th
Edition, Boston: McGrew-Hill Companies, 2006, p. 124.
10
and fiction. Commonly, the fact narrative can be used to persuade the audience or the reader. And the fiction one can be used to amuse the reader.
Furthermore, based on Betty Mattix Dietsch “Every narrative must have a
point – a valid reason to be told or written. Whether the point is stated or unstated,
it always shapes the narrative. If the purpose is to inform, the main idea, fact, or event is often stated first. When writes probe into causes or motives underlying an
event or experience, they may place the point at the end”.
11
From some definitions above, it can be said that narrative text is a text that tells the story by the purpose to entertain the audience, furthermore, the purpose of
narrative text can be to reflect, inform, or persuade the audience. Narrative text has a point, the point of narrative text can be stated point and unstated point.
2. Definition of Text
As Anderson stated “when words are put together to communicate a
meaning, a piece of text is created ”.
12
So it means when people speak or write to communicate a message, people are constructing a text. Moreover, creating a text
needs the proper words to deliver the message correctly. Over all there are two main categories of text. According to Anderson:
There are two main categories of text- literary text and factual text. Literary texts include Aboriginal Dreaming stories, movie scripts,
limericks, fairy tales, plays, novels, song lyrics, mimes and soap operas. They are constructed to appeal to our emotions and
imagination. Literary texts can make us laugh or cry, think about our own life or consider our beliefs. There are three main text types
in this category: narrative, poetic and dramatic. Media texts such as films, videos, television shown and CDs can also fall in this
category. In contrast, Factual texts include advertisements, announcements, internet web sites, current affairs shows, debates,
recipes, reports, and instructions. They present information or ideas and aim to show, tell to persuade the audience. The main text types
11
Ibid
12
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 1, South Yarra: MacMillan Education Australia PTY LTD, 1997, p. 1.
