13
what they do. Forth, Resolution, in this part of the narrative the complication is sorted out or the problem is solved. And the fifth,
Coda, the narrator includes a coba if there is a moral or message to be learn from the story.
18
From Anderson’s explanation above, it can be said that there are five characteristics of narrative text.
5. Types of Narrative Text
There are many different types of narrative text. According to Anderson “The types of Narrative text including: Humor, Romance, Crime, Real-life
Fiction, History Fiction, Mystery, Fantasy, Science Fiction, Diary-novel, and Adventure”.
19
Those are some types of narrative text. Each can stands alone and can be combined. Instance, romance narrative can be combined through mystery
narrative and etc.
6. Elements of Narrative Text
There are some elements of narrative text, Where, When, Who, What, How, and Why.
20
“Where” is to explain the place of the event. “When” describes about the time.
“Who” clarify the actors. “What” tells the plot and flow of the story.
“How” also explain the flow of the story. “Why” it means why the tale happens.
Dietsch stated that “Where and When” means early in the narrative,
the writer sets the scene of the action, event, or conflict that will take place. Readers need to know basic facts about the place, era, culture,
and conditions that prevail. The “Who” means a narrative usually
revolves around people, although an animal take the central role. The “What” means whether one event or a series occur, action, conflict,
and change are essential to the story. The “How” of a narrative often involves cause and effect. The “Why” of a narrative is the reasoning or
motivation, usually of the central character, that propels the action.
21
18
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: MacMillan Education Australia PTY LTD, 2003, p, 4.
19
Ibid., p. 18.
20
Betty Mattix Dietsch, Reason and Writing Well, a Rhetoric, Research Guide, Reader, And Handbook 4
th
Edition, Boston, McGrew-Hill Companies, 2006, p. 125.
21
Ibid.
14
Those are the elements of the narrative text. A good narrative text can be presented if those elements can be contained in the text. Furthermore, narrative
text has some purposes, and to be close to the purpose, narrative text should have some points to make the readers easy to understand the message of the text. In
addition, According to Clouse Barbara, he stated that “a narration usually includes
the answers to the journalist’s questions who, what, when, where, why, and how. The narrative explains who was involved, what happened, when it happened,
where it happened, why it happened, and how it happened ”.
22
C. The General Concept of Teams Games Tournaments TGT 1. The Understanding of Teams Games Tournaments TGT
According to Roy Killen, “TGT was Slavin’s original version of cooperative learning DeVries Slavin, 1978. It is similar to STAD in that
teachers present information to learners and then they have one another learn. The difference is the quizzes are replaced with tournaments in which learners compete
with members of other teams in order to gain points for their home team ”.
23
So based on the Roy Killen definition, Teams Games Tournaments TGT has
similarity with STAD but clearly the quizzes that used in STAD are replaced with
tournaments in TGT.
In addition, Slavin stated that “TGT is the same as STAD in every aspect
but one: instead of the quizzes and the individual improvement score system, TGT uses academic tournament, in which students compete as representatives of their
teams with members of other teams who are like them in past academic performance”.
24
In other word, TGT and STAD have the same several elements but different in using quizzes, STAD uses the common quizzes, while TGT uses
academic tournament.
22
Barbara Fine Clouse, Patterns for a Purpose, a Rhetorical Reader 3
th
Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 162.
23
Roy Killen, Effective Teaching Strategies 4
th
Edition, South Melbourne: Cengage Learning, 2007, p, 197.
24
Robert E. Slavin, Cooperative Learning, Theory, Research, and Practice, 2
nd
Edition Boston: A Simon Schucter Company, 1995, p, 84.
