The Types of Reading

e. The Components of Reading

There are some components of reading that the reader achieved while reading a text. Grabe and Stoller divided the explanation of reading’s components into two parts. The lower-level processes that represent the more automatic linguistic processes and are typically viewed as more skills oriented. Then, the higher-level processes generally represent comprehension processes that make much more use of the reader’s background knowledge and inferencing skills. 22 Furthermore, Munby in Assessing Reading distinguishes the reading ‘microskills’ as the component of reading. It is focus on the product of reading as follow: 23 1. Recognizing the script of a language 2. Deducing the meaning and use an unfamiliar lexical items 3. Understanding explicitly stated information 4. Understanding implicitly information 5. Understanding conceptual meaning 6. Understanding the communicative value of sentence 7. Understanding relation within the sentence 8. Understanding relations between parts of a text through lexical cohesion devices 9. Understanding cohesion between parts of a text through grammatical cohesion devices 10. Interpreting text by going outside it 11. Recognizing indicators in discourse 12. Identifying the main point or important information in discourse 13. Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details 14. Extracting salient details to summarize the text, an idea 15. Extracting relevant points from a text selectively 22 Grabe and Stoller, op. cit., 2002, pp. 19-20. 23 J. Charles Alderson, Assessing Reading, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 10-11. 16. Using basic reference skills 17. Skimming 18. Scanning to locate specifically required information 19. Transcoding information to diagrammatic display

f. The Reading Texts

There are many kinds of reading text that used in the senior high school to be learnt by students or printed materials that found in our daily life. Based on the curriculum available, there are procedure, narrative, and exposition text that should be learn by students on the second grade senior high school. For this research, the writer focuses in the materials on analytical exposition texts of second grade of senior high school students.

1. The Understanding of Analytical Exposition Text

The writer only discussed one of the text types that will be used for her research that is analytical expository text. Analytical exposition is a text that elaborates the writer’s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. 24 Analytical Exposition text has social purpose to persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. 25 Based on that definition, analytical exposition text is one of the texts should be learned by students to improve their reading comprehension, the text that expose one side of an issue that is correct according to the writer and persuade the reader to agree with the opinion. Analytical exposition text itself to persuade the reader that there is something that, certainly need to get attention. It is to analyze a topic and persuade the reader that an opinion is correct and supported by arguments. 24 Shirin Amarain and friends, Text Form and Features: A Resource for International Teaching, Jakarta: Umbrella Corporation, 2009, p. 10. 25 Musafak, The Use of Film to Teach Analytical Exposition Writing, Encounter, Volume 3, No. 2, 2012, p. 117.

2. The Purpose of Analytical Exposition

People read text might be basically they want to get some factual information from the text. For example, people read a newspaper, might be they want to read updated information from the newspaper or want to get job information. Then, from the information that they got, a response will appeared as influence of the text. It means they have something to be known, and the information is available in the text. This is in line with Musafak’s statement “the purpose of analytical exposition text is to persuade the reader or listener by presenting one side of an argument that is case the case for of the case against.” 26 To sum up, the purpose of analytical exposition text is to influence the reader to do or belief something that is the writer’s point of view.

3. The Schematics Structure of Exposition Text

An effective expository text has several steps which a reader may use as standard to guide his reading by author. In traditional expository text usually have three sections. The first section introduced the author’s point of view and can preview arguments that may follow in the text. The next is a series of arguments that aim to convince the audience. The final section is a conclusion to sum up the arguments and reinforce the author’s point of view. 27 a. An introductory statement An introductory paragraph is in the first paragraph. It consists of the author’s point of view as the thesis of the argument and the introduction that include a preview of the arguments. The thesis introduces a topic and indicates the writer’s position and the outline of the main paragraph to be presented. 28 26 Ibid. 27 Amarain and friends. Op. cit., 2009. p. 10. 28 Ibid.