Integrate and Summarize the Data

2 Conversational code-switching and integrated loanwords a Bams cs “memaksa” music maniacs Palembang ber-sing a long. p.8, vol. 37 b Job desk-nya hampir sama dengan stage crew. p.29, vol.13 In the first example, conversational code-switching could be identified by the existence of an English phrase ‘music maniacs’, and integrated loanwords involved ‘ber-sing a long’. 3 Single-word code-switching and conversational code-switching a Kombinasi medium beat dan ballad yang emang jadi kelebihan cewek berambut panjang itu. p.19, vol.37 b Cuma mungkin lo belum sadar sepenuhnya akan gift itu, dan malah kadang suka ngerasa ketakutan. Man, just don’t take it for granted and use it in a good way. p.46, vol.37 c So, ayo tunjukin kalo kalian bisa menjaga mereka Lets dance together lah …. p.46, vol.13 From the first example, single-word code-switching could be identified by the existence of an English word ‘so’. And the English clause ‘there’s something wrong with him’ revealed that there was also conversational code- switching. 4 Single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching, and integrated loanwords a Nggak cuma ngandelin lagu-lagu ballad, mantan lady rocker Indonesia ini lebih mengeksplorasi kemampuan vokalnya untuk ngebawain single nge- beat kayak yang termuat di single In Your Mind. p.19, vol.37 32 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI b Misalnya, kaos biru elektrik dengan hooded sweater magenta. Soal waktu pemakaian, warna “gonjreng” ini cocok banget buat dipake nonton konser, nonton di bioskop, pergi ke pensi, party di disko, bahkan nge-date sekali pun. p.35, vol.13 The first example above contained three types of code-switching. The first one was single-word code-switching with ‘ballad’ as the borrowed word. The second one was conversational code-switching which involved an English phrase ‘lady rocker’. The last one was integrated loanwords which could be identified by the existence of ‘nge-beat’. The last step was summarizing the data. The summary of the number of code-switching cases in both target magazines and the occurrence percentage of every type of code-switching could be seen in the tables below: No. The Types of Code-Switching The Number of Code-Switching Cases Percentage 1. Single-word code-switching 166 58 2. Conversational code-switching 91 32 3. Integrated loanwords 29 10 The total number and percentage 286 100 Table 4.1: The Summary of the Types of Code-Switching in Vol. 37 33 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI No. The Types of Code-Switching The Number of Code-Switching Cases Percentage 1. Single-word code-switching 143 55 2. Conversational code-switching 94 36 3. Integrated loanwords 24 9 The total number and percentage 261 100 Table 4.2: The Summary of the Types of Code-Switching in Vol. 13 Both summaries showed similar indications of code-switching phenomenon in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine dealing with the frequency of occurrence of each type. The results of the percentage did not show salient distinction of the occurrence of the types of code-switching in the target magazines. From the data, it could be concluded that single-word code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Furthermore, the percentage in each target magazine was more than 50 of the total occurrence. The absolute presence of this type indicated that the writers of the articles in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine frequently juxtaposed a single English word with Indonesian utterances in their articles. The English words in the single-word code-switching were mostly content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. But I also found that the writers also juxtaposed some English conjunctions. 1 Content words a A noun Sebuah tagline yang menarik. p.52, vol.13 34 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI b A verb Mereka para finalis Moka 2005. Meet, Eline, Livia dan Nadia. p.5, vol.37 c An adjective Setiap kali gue menonton film itu, gue selalu merasa amazed sama apa yang terjadi dalam alur gambarnya. p.74, vol.13 d An adverb Yakin aja, semua usaha keras kamu someday pasti ada hasilnya. p.56, vol.37 2 Conjunction Gue suka baca buku or nonton film horror, nanya-nanya ke temen yang “orang pinter”. p.46, vol.37 Integrated loanwords code-switching itself essentially involved a process of borrowing single English words which were integrated with Indonesian affixes. It could be seen in the following examples. a “Seger kalo diliat,” bilang Via sambil me-retouch graffiti karyanya. p.7, vol.37 b Kalo udah di-perform-in secara live, tapi mereka nggak bisa ngeliat penontonnya. p.10, vol.37 c Sound-nya bener-bener dikulik abis. p.13, vol.37 From those four examples of integrated loanwords, it could be seen that the juxtaposed language elements consisted of English words and Indonesian affixes which were integrated. Their integration could not distract my understanding that the writers were absolutely eager to use foreign words rather 35 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI than words of their native language for certain expressions. It, once again, asserted how frequent the writer borrowed a single English word.

2. Identification of the Possible Reasons for Code-Switching

Since this study was qualitative research, it was important to give interpretations of the existing phenomenon as it had been suggested by Holliday 2002: 5. The qualitative belief that the realities of the research setting and the people in it are mysterious and can only be superficially touched by research which tries to make sense is interpretive. It maintains that we can explore, catch glimpses, illuminate and then try to interpret bits of reality. The main focus of the interpretive process in this study was to obtain in- depth comprehension toward the phenomenon through the identification of its possible reasons. The identification of the possible reasons involved two important aspects. They were theories from some linguists and purposes of employing code-switching stated by the editorial staff of ‘HAI’ teenage magazine. I conducted a confirmation of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine by sending an e-mail to the editorial staff of the magazine. I asked them whether or not they had any reasons for juxtaposing English language elements with Indonesian utterances in the magazine. From the reply of my e-mail that I received, it could be concluded that they had three reasons for it. First, they wanted to be closer to the readers. Second, code-switching was used to explain what they wanted to express concisely. Third, a direct quotation from the informants might also contain foreign language elements. I used them as my considerations to interpret the possible reasons for the existence of the language phenomenon in the magazine. 36 In qualitative research, the writer’s personal interpretations of the language phenomenon being studied were important. I also used my interpretation of the types of code-switching that existed in the magazine to reveal the possible reasons. The tendency of the writers in using certain types might spell out the underlying reasons for employing code-switching. There were four possible reasons that I could identify. The first reason was to build intimate relationship with the readers. This was appropriate with the reason stated by Crystal 1987 as cited by Skiba in Code Switching as a Countenance of Language Interference that code-switching could be used to express solidarity with others. The writers chose words or terms which were very familiar with teenagers as the readers. Teenagers usually used the terms in their social interaction. The existence of such terms as melting, worthed, nge- date, and jealous might distract the boundaries between the writers and teenagers so teenagers could feel that the writers became the members of their society. The use of such terms also enabled the writers to build up and close communication with teenagers as the readers and described that they really understand where teenagers lived; in their own dynamic-global-independent environment. A single mistake in the implementation of code-switching in ‘HAI’ teenage magazine really distracted my understanding that a code-switching phenomenon in the magazine had given good models to comprehend English language. But, the understanding of the essence of sociolinguistics which also accounted the culture and the structure of the setting of the society might give permission for it. Teenagers who frequently used informal-ungrammatical dialect or language variation in their communication encouraged the writers of the articles of ‘HAI’ 37 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI