xxv as different occupations Saville-Ttroike, 1989; 76. Based on its purpose there
are some varieties of language as follows:
a. Standard Language
According to Hudson 1980: 32, standard language is a kind of variety which would be counted as a proper language. Similarly, Trudgill defines the term
of Standard English as “The dialect of English which is normally used in writing, is spoken by educated native speakers, and is taught to non-native speakers
studying the language 1992: 70. Here, standard language, including Standard English is considered to have certain norms or rules which non-standard language
does not follow.
Whereas Bloomfield 1961:48 says that standard forms are used in school, in church and in all discourse that officially concerns the whole
community, as in law-courts and legislative assemblies. The speaker of Standard English does not trouble himself to learn the non-standard forms, but very many
speakers of Non-Standard English try to use the standard forms. Standard English has a widely accepted and codified grammar. There is a
general concern among educated people, and in particular among those who hold powerful and influential positions Trudgill, 1995:6. Standard English has much
more status and prestige than any other English dialect p.7. Standard English basically, has two varieties; formal and informal
varieties. The formal variety is used in discourse and speech in formal situations, for instance in reports, thesis, business letters, application letters, etc. The
informal variety is used mostly in daily conversations among people in informal situations too, such as when someone talks to his friends.
b. Non-Standard Language Chambers and Trudgill state that in common usage, a dialect is
substandard, low-status, often rustic form of language, generally with the peasantry, the working class or other groups lacking in prestige 1998:1.
xxvi Bloomfield 1961:49 says that non-standard speech shows greater
variety than standard speech. The higher the social position of the non-standard speaker, the more nearly he approaches the standard language. This statement
shows that various groups of non-standard speakers have their own speech-forms. Occupational groups, such as fishermen, dairy workers, bakers, bricklayer and so
on have their own technical language. The greatest diversity in non-standard speech is geographic. The
geographic differences, which we hear in the Standard English of the United States, are more audible when we listen to non-standard speakers. In remote
district within the older-settled parts of the country these local characteristics are very pronounced Bloomfield, 1961:50.
Black English as one of the non-standard dialects is distinct because it has a number of pronunciation and grammatical features which are not shared
with other dialects Shuy, 1984:224. Taylor in Shuy 1984:225 also says that Black English is a fully formed system in its own pronunciation and grammar rules.
c. Cant
