CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review
In conducting research dealing with problem solving activities, the researcher needs to look at some related theories. Literature review is necessary in order to
discover the appropriate way in teaching and learning process. This chapter presents literature review related to teaching speaking skill and also conceptual framework.
Theoretical review is divided into four sub headings; English teaching and learning, speaking, games and directed discussion games.
1. English Teaching and Learning
This chapter describes important matters concerning in English teaching and learning. There are two sub headings; the nature of English teaching learning and
communicative language teaching approach in teaching speaking skill.
a. The Nature of English Teaching and Learning
The English language teaching tradition has changed to be tremendous subject, especially throughout the twentieth century. The need of mastering the
knowledge arises in the society as an impact of wanting better life than the previous people. Learning any discipline studies cannot be separated from a teaching process.
The term teaching and learning is closely related to the total educational process. Therefore, the very substantial aspect the researcher delivers is English teaching and
learning.
Brown 2000:7 states that teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn and setting
the conditions for learning. Teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with
knowledge, causing to know or understand. Here are some further detail explanations about learning definition from Brown which can be listed as followed.
- Learning is an acquisition or “getting”
- Learning is retention of information or skill.
- Retention implies storage system, memory and cognitive organization.
- Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside
or inside the organism. -
Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting -
Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice. -
Learning is a change in behaviour. Meanwhile Vygotsky in Feez, 2002: 26, adds that learning is collaboration
between teacher and students with the teacher taking on an authoritative role similar to that of an expert supporting an apprentice. Teaching is making students able to
learn, giving the instruction to do the task, or setting the teaching learning process to make the students get to learn.
In line with Vygotsky, Krashen 1997: 39 asserts four issues in foreign language education. Those are the lack opportunities for using the language outside
the classroom, the imperfect model of teachers, the low reason to become part of another culture, and the limited time of foreign language instruction. However, the
condition does not make English educators stop finding the best way in helping
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