Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces
13.9 Concluding Remarks
A survey of the facts and data presented by the tobacco industry and necessarily • supplementedbygovernmentagenciestoensureatruepicturerevealsthatthenumber ofadolescentsmokerscanbereducedonlybytoughinternationallegislation [113] to regulateavarietyofissues:manufacture,tradeincludingcigarettesmuggling,adver- tisinganddistributionoftobaccoproductsandpromotionalitems,especiallytoyoung people. Inparticular,theinternationalcommunityanditspoliticiansmustensurethateconomi- • callyweakcountriesdonotbecomeatargetfortheactivitiesofthetobaccoindustry. Everysingleday,3,000adolescentsintheUSAarerecruitedtotheranksofsmokers.If • thenumberofsmokersisnotreducedintheyearsahead,thelamentablefactisthat10 millionpeopleannuallywilldiefromtobacco-attributablecausesworldwidebythe year2025. Themedicalprofessionandpoliticiansmustnotstandidlyandwatchthistrendunfold. • References 1.YachD,BettcherD2000Globalisationoftobaccoindustryinluenceandnewglobalresponses. TobControl92:206–216 2.PhilipMorris1997,Aug23TabakherstellersprichtvondenGefahrendesRauchens.Frankf AllgZ[195],1.1997 3.Anonym1999BittekaufenSieunserProduktnichtWelt 4.HausteinKO1999Smoking:healthcareandpoliticsinlux.Rauchen:Gesundheitswesen undPolitikimWechselspiel.ZArztlFortbildQualitatssich93:355–361 5.MacKayJ,CroftonJ1996Tobaccoandthedevelopingworld.In:DollR,CroftonJeds Tobaccoandhealth.RoyalSocietyofMedicine,London,pp206–221 6.MurrayC,LopezA1996Theglobalburdenofdisease:acomprehensiveassessmentofmor- talityanddisabilityfromdisease,injuries,andriskfactorsin1990andprojectedto2020. HarvardUniversity,Boston Table 13.4 Logistic regression analysis for association of restrictions with 30-day smoking prevalence [112] Oddsratio95CI pvalue Publicrestrictions 0.910.83–0.99 0.03 Totalhomeban 0.790.67–0.91 0.001 Somehomerestrictions 0.850.74–0.95 0.01 Schoolban 0.990.85–1.13 0.86 Enforcedschoolban 0.860.77–0.94 0.001 2logL=16271.0,df=16,intraclustercorrelation=0.038,clustervariance=0.131,p0.0001.Odds ratiosareadjustedforschoolgrade,sex,race,adultsmokersinhomeandsiblingsmokers;n=14746 7.WorldBank1999Curbingtheepidemic:governmentsandtheeconomicsoftobaccocontrol. TheWorldBanked,WashingtonD.C.DevelopmentinPracticeSeries 8.JungeB2002Tabak–ZahlenundFaktenzumKonsum.JahrbuchSucht2002.Neuland, Geesthacht,pp32–62 9.WhelanEM,SheridanMJ,MeisterKA,MosherBA1981Analysisofcoverageoftobacco hazardsinwomen’smagazines.JPublicHealthPolicy2:28–35 10.Hanson JD, Kysar DA 1999 Taking behavioralism seriously: some evidence of market manipulation.HarvLawRev112:1420–1572 11.EickeU1992Stellungnahmeausauswerblich-wissenschaftlicherSichtzumAbschlußbericht der Pilotstudie “Auswirkungen der Tabakwerbung und der Zigarettenautomaten auf das Konsumverhalten,insbesonderevonKindernundJugendlichen”.Bonn 12.US-DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices1989Reducingthehealthconsequencesof smoking:25yearsofprogress.Areportofthesurgeongeneral.Washington 13.LynchBS,BonnieRJ1994Growinguptobaccofree.Preventingnicotineaddictioninchil- drenandyouths.NationalAcademy,WashingtonDC 14.GilpinEA,PierceJP1997TrendsinadolescentsmokinginitiationintheUnitedStates:is tobaccomarketinganinluence?TobControl6:122–127 15.HarperT2001Marketinglifeafteradvertisingbans.TobControl102:196–198 16.CharltonA,WhileD,KellyS1997Boys’smokingandcigarette-brand-sponsoredmotor racing.Lancet350:1474 17.SadlerPA1998Tobaccosponsorshipofformulaonemotorracing.Lancet351:451–452 18.FeigheryEC,RibislKM,AchabalDD,TyebjeeT1999Retailtradeincentives:howtobacco industrypracticescomparewiththoseofotherindustries.AmJPublicHealth89:1564–1566 19.Bartecchi CE, MacKenzie TD, Schrier RW 1995 The global tobacco epidemic. Sci Am 272:44–51 20.FeigheryEC,RibislKM,SchleicherN,LeeRE,HalvorsonS2001Cigaretteadvertisingand promotionalstrategiesinretailoutlets:resultsofastatewidesurveyinCalifornia.TobControl 102:184–188 21.Sargent JD, Tickle JJ, Beach ML, Dalton MA, Ahrens MB, Heatherton TF 2001 Brand appearancesincontemporarycinemailmsandcontributiontoglobalmarketingofcigarettes. Lancet3579249:29–32 22.SargentJD,BeachML,DaltonMA,MottLA,TickleJJ,AhrensMB,etal2001Effectof seeingtobaccouseinilmsontryingsmokingamongadolescents:crosssectionalstudy.BMJ 3237326:1394–1397 23.SiegelM2001Counteractingtobaccomotorsportssponsorshipasapromotionaltool:isthe tobaccosettlementenough?AmJPublicHealth917:1100–1106 24.CapmanS,CohenA,NelsonB,WoodwardS1993Aboycottoftobacco-sponsoredcars? TobControl2:159 25.RichardsJW,DiFranzaJR,FletcherC,FischerPM1995RJReynolds“CamelCash”:another waytoreachkids.TobControl4:258–260 26.Slade J 1993 High participation rates in cigarette brand promotions. Tob Control 2: 248–249 27.AmosA,JacobsonB,WhiteP1991Cigaretteadvertisingpolicyandcoverageofsmoking andhealthinBritishwomen’smagazines.Lancet337:93–96 28.MinklerM,WallackL,MaddenP1987AlcoholandcigaretteadvertisinginMs.magazine.J PublicHealthPolicy8:164–179 29.WarnerKE,GoldenharLM,McLaughlinCG1992Cigaretteadvertisingandmagazinecov- erageofthehazardsofsmoking.Astatisticalanalysis.NEnglJMed326:305–309 30.PollayRW,SiddarthS,SiegelM,HaddixA,MerritRK,GiovinoGA,etal1996Thelast straw?Cigaretteadvertisingandrealizedmarketsharesamongyouthandadults,1979–1993. JMarketTheoryPract60:1–16Parts
» Tobacco Plants and Their Origin Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes
» The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans
» Development of the Cigarette
» Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds
» Women Won Over by the Cigarette
» The Medical Use of Tobacco in the Nineteenth Century
» Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century
» Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century
» Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965
» Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries
» Smokers and Other Risk Factors
» Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU
» Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry
» The Cigarette as a Vehicle for Nicotine Release
» Modifications of Nicotine Release
» Maintaining Nicotine Dependence Nicotine and Dependence
» Marketing of Cigarettes with a “Reduced” Health Risk
» Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers
» Optimising Nicotine Release Nicotine and Dependence
» Importance of Absorption Rate
» Ammonium and pH Manipulation
» Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield
» Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes
» Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs
» Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Nicotine
» Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine
» Types of Dependence Nicotine Dependence
» Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence
» Genetic Aspects Nicotine Dependence
» Withdrawal Symptoms Nicotine Dependence
» Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking
» Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
» Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis
» Peptide Receptors, Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer
» Pathophysiology of COPD Cigarette Smoking and COPD
» Genetic Factors Important Risk Factors for COPD
» Occupational and Environmental Factors
» Caveats Concerning the Informative Value of Studies
» Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults
» Bronchial Asthma in Children
» Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking
» Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction
» Changes in Endothelial Function and Microcirculation
» Microcirculation and O Systemic Vascular Changes
» Arteriosclerotic and Inflammatory Vascular Reactions
» Genetic Factors Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
» Nicotine and Ischaemic Heart Disease
» Cognitive Impairment Central Nervous System
» Influence on Cognitive Performance
» Intellectual Impairment in Childhood
» Smoker Personality Profiles and Genetic Inheritance of Smoking
» Peculiarities of the Smoker’s Personality
» Reasons for Increased Cigarette Consumption
» Comorbidity Between Depression and Smoking
» Extent of Cigarette Consumption
» Effects of Smoking in Forms of Dementia
» Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease
» Diabetic Retinopathy Ocular Diseases
» Graves’ Ophthalmopathy Ocular Diseases
» Macular Degeneration Ocular Diseases
» Ocular Tumours Ocular Diseases
» Retinal Detachment Ocular Diseases
» Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism
» Insulin Resistance Diabetic Nephropathy
» Oesophageal Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Gastrointestinal Ulcers Gastrointestinal Tract
» Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
» Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Toxic Substances and Inducers
» Kidney Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Bladder Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer
» Fertility Disorders Urinary Tract Diseases
» Vitamin D and Oestrogen Metabolism
» Osteoporosis Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Hip Fractures Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Skin Changes Skin and Mucosa
» Skin Tumours Skin and Mucosa
» Breast Cancer Skin and Mucosa
» Effects of Smoking on the Placenta
» Malformations Possibly Caused by Smoking
» Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS
» Effects of Nicotine on the Foetus
» Medical Care Costs Attributable to Smoking During Pregnancy
» ETS in the Workplace and at Home
» Fibrinogen Cholesterol Endothelium and Platelets
» Markers of Inflammation Changes at the Molecular and Cellular Level
» Passive Smoking During and After Pregnancy
» Coronary Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease
» Stroke and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
» Respiratory Tract in Children and Teenagers
» Bronchial Carcinoma Respiratory Tract
» Indications and Diagnostic Considerations
» Self-Help Interventions by the Smoker
» Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation
» Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes
» Mass Media Communication Strategies
» E-Learning, Email and Internet for Smoking Cessation
» Evaluation of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Nicotine
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Nicotine Nasal Spray
» Treatment and Dosage Nicotine
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Patch Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Nasal Spray Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Inhaler Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Lozenge Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Drug Interactions During Smoking Cessation
» Contraindications for the Use of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Formulations as OTC Products
» Contraindications and Drug Interactions
» Tranquillisers and Buspirone Other Pharmacotherapies
» Various Antidepressants Other Pharmacotherapies
» Opioid Antagonists Other Pharmacotherapies
» Silver Acetate Other Pharmacotherapies
» Therapeutic Monitoring in Smoking Cessation
» Ischaemic Heart Disease Special Therapeutic Situations
» Pregnancy Special Therapeutic Situations
» Weight Gain Special Therapeutic Situations
» Alcohol Consumption Special Therapeutic Situations
» Organic Depression Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Schizophrenic Patients Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Administration of Psychopharmaceuticals
» Pre-operative Smoking Cessation Special Therapeutic Situations
» Social Influence Inoculation Strategy
» Life Skills Strategy Prevention Programmes for Schools
» Class 2000 Health Promotion Programme
» Trier University Health Programme Long-Term Studies
» Role of Teachers in Primary Prevention
» Prevention by Restricting Sales of Tobacco Products to Minors
» Role of the Mass Media in Sales of Tobacco Products to Adolescents
» Role of Government and Community in Primary Prevention
» Effect of Tobacco Industry Advertising Messages
» Tobacco Advertising and Adolescent Smoking Initiation
» Advertising with “Light” Cigarettes
» Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces
» Tobacco Industry, Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations
» Politicians and Their Attitude to Smoking
» Scientists and the Tobacco Industry
» Governmental Control of Toxic Tobacco Constituents
» Bans on Advertising in Various Countries
» Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking
» Smoking and Non-smoking: Weighing the Benefits
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