Development of the Cigar

more฀easily฀ [17] .฀In฀1913,฀Reynolds฀used฀Burley฀tobacco฀for฀the฀production฀of฀his฀Camel฀ cigarettes฀ [18] .฀ This฀ tobacco฀ blend฀ became฀ the฀ prototype฀ for฀ the฀ American฀ cigarette,฀ whereas฀British฀cigarettes฀were฀also฀produced฀with฀Virginia฀tobacco. Compared฀with฀the฀acrid฀and฀strong-tasting฀smoke฀of฀cigars,฀cigarette฀smoke฀is฀more฀ pleasant,฀and฀this฀can฀be฀attributed฀to฀the฀pH฀of฀the฀smoke฀ [17] .฀Where฀pH฀is฀in฀the฀alkaline฀ range,฀nicotine฀in฀the฀smoke฀is฀present฀predominantly฀in฀its฀free฀form฀but฀is฀not฀found฀in฀ the฀gaseous฀phase.฀This฀smoke฀is฀dificult฀to฀inhale฀because฀of฀the฀acrid฀taste฀of฀nicotine.฀ The฀fact฀that฀nicotine฀is฀nevertheless฀absorbed฀when฀a฀cigar฀is฀smoked฀is฀due฀to฀its฀slower฀ passage฀across฀the฀buccal฀mucosa,฀the฀membrane฀lining฀the฀mouth฀ [5] . Cigarette฀smoking฀irst฀became฀widespread฀during฀the฀Crimean฀War฀1853–1856:฀sol- diers฀became฀accustomed฀to฀smoking฀strong฀Russian฀cigarettes,฀and฀took฀the฀habit฀back฀ with฀them฀to฀their฀own฀countries฀when฀hostilities฀ended.฀One฀St.฀Petersburg฀cigarette฀fac- tory฀the฀Yenidse฀Company฀opened฀its฀irst฀subsidiary฀in฀Dresden฀in฀1862.฀The฀irst฀cig- arette-making฀machine,฀with฀an฀hourly฀output฀of฀3,600฀cigarettes,฀was฀displayed฀by฀the฀ Susini฀Company฀from฀Havana฀at฀the฀Paris฀World฀Exhibition฀in฀1867.฀By฀the฀1880s,฀US฀ companies฀followed฀suit฀with฀their฀own฀cigarette-making฀machines.฀As฀a฀result,฀produc- tion฀costs฀fell฀dramatically,฀new฀markets฀opened฀up,฀and฀young฀people฀around฀the฀age฀of฀ 18฀became฀a฀major฀consumer฀market฀for฀the฀irst฀time฀ [19] .฀Thus,฀smoking฀took฀on฀a฀new฀ face:฀smoking฀as฀a฀leisurely฀pastime฀was฀replaced฀by฀smoking฀at฀short฀intervals,฀mainly฀ as฀a฀means฀of฀coping฀with฀stress.฀Unlike฀the฀cigar฀or฀a฀pipe,฀a฀cigarette฀can฀be฀smoked฀in฀ 3–5฀min:฀the฀smoking฀break฀can฀be฀equated฀with฀“the฀time฀it฀takes฀to฀smoke฀a฀cigarette”.฀ The฀cigarette฀came฀to฀symbolise฀modern฀twentieth฀century฀living฀see฀Table฀ 1.1 . Because฀smoking฀was฀always฀subject฀to฀certain฀restrictions,฀it฀both฀represented฀some- thing฀ “special”฀ and,฀ in฀ the฀ nineteenth฀ century,฀ was฀ invariably฀ associated฀ with฀ political฀ freedom฀movements.฀Following฀the฀outbreak฀of฀Asian฀inluenza฀in฀the฀summer฀of฀1831,฀ cigar฀smoking฀in฀public฀places฀was฀permitted฀as฀a฀protection฀against฀infection฀ [7] ,฀and฀the฀ right฀to฀smoke฀in฀public฀was฀on฀the฀list฀of฀demands฀at฀the฀Hambach฀Festival฀in฀1832.฀ During฀the฀student฀protests฀of฀1968,฀it฀was฀even฀demanded฀that฀the฀ban฀on฀smoking฀in฀ lecture฀theatres฀be฀lifted฀and฀that฀smokers’฀corners฀be฀set฀up฀in฀schools฀or฀universities.฀In฀ wartime฀too,฀the฀soldiers฀of฀all฀armies฀have฀always฀been฀liberally฀supplied฀with฀cigarettes฀ to฀boost฀their฀ighting฀morale฀and฀readiness฀for฀battle฀ [8] . Within฀ about฀ 100฀ years,฀ the฀ cigarette฀ industry฀ rose฀ to฀ become฀ one฀ of฀ the฀ foremost฀ branches฀of฀industry฀ [20] ฀see฀Table฀ 1.1 . Country Before฀1914 1927 1928 Germany 195 302 499 England 201 811 – France ฀ 96 248 326 Holland – 341 – Italy 104 372 – Sweden 115 233 – USA 143 798 a 840 a Table 1.1 ฀฀฀Cigarette฀consumption฀in฀various฀countries฀during฀the฀irst฀third฀of฀the฀twentieth฀century Per-capita฀statistics฀from฀ [7] a In฀the฀USA฀97,000฀million฀cigarettes฀were฀smoked฀in฀1927฀and฀106,000฀million฀in฀1928