Pregnancy ebooksclub.org Tobacco or Health Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking Second Edition
10.13 E-Learning, Email and Internet for Smoking Cessation
Inthepastfewyears,internetoremail-drivenprogrammesforsmokingcessationwere established [111] .AstudybyRileyetal.soughttotestthefeasibilityoftwoself-help behaviouralinterventionstoreduceandmaintaina50reductioninsmokingamong thoseunableorunwillingtoquit,andtoevaluatetheimpactofsmokingreductionon subsequentquitattempts [112] .Ninety-threesmokerswhodesiredtoreduceratherthan quitsmokingwereenteredinthestudyandrandomlyassignedtoeithercomputerized scheduledgradualreductionCSGRoramanual-basedselectiveeliminationreduction SER.Bothgroupsproducedsigniicantreductionsinsmokingapproximately10ciga- rettesday,duringthe7-weektreatmentphase,whichweremaintainedover1year.The CSGRgroupreportedgreatermeanpercentreductionsinsmokingfrompre-topost- treatment37forCSGR,20forSERandagreaterpercentageofsubjectsmeeting the50reductiongoal30forCSGR,16forSERcomparedwiththeSERgroup. Thegroupswerecomparable,however,onallotheroutcomemeasuresatpost-treatment andat6-and12-monthfollow-up.Althoughsubjectswithacurrentdesireforsmoking cessationwereexcludedfromthisstudy,one-thirdofthesubjectsreporteda24-hquit attemptintheyearfollowingstudyinitiation,and8.6ofthesubjectsmet7-daypoint- prevalencecriteriaforabstinenceCOvalidatedatthe12-monthfollow-up.Theresults ofthisstudylendsupporttothefeasibilityofself-helpbehaviouralinterventionstopro- ducesustainedreductionsinsmokingrateswithoutapparentnegativeimpactonsubse- quentquitattempts [112] .10.14 Concluding Remarks
• Thecounsellingofsmokersbyaphysicianorothertrainedhealthcareprofessionalsis anessentialcomponentofsmokingcessation. • Behaviouraltherapyprogrammeshaveprovedeffectiveintermsofnon-pharmacolog- icalcounsellingandtreatment,andtheseshouldalsobeusedinpregnantwomen. • Massmediacampaignsreachlargersegmentsofthepopulation,butdifferwidelyin termsoftheireffectiveness,andtheinancialcostofthemediaspendcanbeconsider- able.Projectsofthiskindshould,therefore,bediscussedonacase-to-casebasisbefore thedecisionistakentoimplementthem. • Likemanyotherinterventions,hypnotherapyandacupuncturemaybeeffectiveinindi- vidualsmokers.Overall,however,theresultsoftreatmentinthepublishedliteraturedo notsatisfytheefficacycriteriaofevidence-basedmedicine. References 1.VelicerWF,FavaJL,ProchaskaJO,AbramsDB,EmmonsKM,PierceJP1995Distribution ofsmokersbystageinthreerepresentativesamples.PrevMed244:401–411 2.Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften ed 1988 Die Europäer und die Krebsverhütung:EineStudieüberEinstellungundVerhaltenderBevölkerung 3.HajekP1994Treatmentsforsmokers.Addiction8911:1543–1549 4.BockBC,MarcusBH,KingTK,BorrelliB,RobertsMR1999Exerciseeffectsonwith- drawalandmoodamongwomenattemptingsmokingcessation.AddictBehav243:399–410 5.TölleR,BuchkremerG1989Zigarettenrauchen-Epidemiologie,Psychologie,Pharmakologie undTherapie,2edn.Springer,Heidelberg 6.ProchaskaJO,DiClementeCC1983Stagesandprocessesofself-changeofsmoking:toward anintegrativemodelofchange.JConsultClinPsychol51:390–395 7.CarlsonLE,TaenzerP,KoopmansJ,CasebeerA2003Predictivevalueofaspectsofthe TranstheoreticalModelonsmokingcessationinacommunity-based,large-groupcognitive behavioralprogram.AddictBehav284:725–740 8.DinoG,KamalK,HornK,KalsekarI,FernandesA2004Stageofchangeandsmokingces- sationoutcomesamongadolescents.AddictBehav295:935–940 9.Haustein KO 2000 Pharmacotherapy of nicotine dependence. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 386:273–290 10.USDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Clinicalpracticeguideline:Treatingtobacco useanddependence.2000.ReportNo.:PublicationNo.00–0032 11.AndrewsJO,HeathJ,Graham-GarciaJ2004Managementoftobaccodependenceinolder adults:usingevidence-basedstrategies.JGerontolNurs3012:13–24 12.ParkEW,SchultzJK,TudiverF,CampbelT,BeckerL2002Enhancingpartnersupportto improve smoking cessation Cockraine Review. Issue 1. Oxford, Update Software. The CochraneLibrary 13.McBrideCM,CurrySJ,GrothausLC,NelsonJC,LandoH,PiriePL1998Partnersmoking statusandpregnantsmoker’sperceptionsofsupportforandlikelihoodofsmokingcessation. HealthPsychol17:63–69 14.HansonBS,IsacssonSO,JanzonL,LindellSE1990Socialsupportandquittingsmokingfor good.Isthereanassociation?Resultsfromthepopulationstudy,“Menbornin1914,”Malmo, Sweden.AddictBehav15:221–233 15.WaldronI,LyeD1989Familyrolesandsmoking.AmJPrevMed5:136–141 16.CoppotelliHC,OrleansCT1985Partnersupportandotherdeterminantsofsmokingcessa- tionmaintenanceamongwomen.JConsultClinPsychol53:455–460 17.GulliverSB,HughesJR,SolomonLJ,DeyAN1995Aninvestigationofself-eficacy,part- nersupportanddailystressesaspredictorsofrelapsetosmokinginself-quitters.Addiction 90:767–772 18.RoskiJ,SchmidLA,LandoHA1996Long-termassociationsofhelpfulandharmfulspousal behaviorswithsmokingcessation.AddictBehav21:173–185 19.McIntyre-KingsolverK,LichtensteinE,MermelsteinRJ1986Spousetraininginamulti- componentsmoking-cessationprogram.BehavTher17:67–74 20.GinsbergD,HallSM,RosinskiM1992Partnersupport,psychologicaltreatment,andnico- tineguminsmokingtreatment:anincrementalstudy.IntJAddict27:503–514 21.Fiore MC 2000 Treating tobacco use and dependence: an introduction to the US Public HealthServiceClinicalPracticeGuideline.RespirCare4510:1196–1199 22.MayS,WestR2000Dosocialsupportinterventions“buddysystems”aidsmokingcessa- tion?Areview.TobControl94:415–422Parts
» Tobacco Plants and Their Origin Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes
» The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans
» Development of the Cigarette
» Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds
» Women Won Over by the Cigarette
» The Medical Use of Tobacco in the Nineteenth Century
» Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century
» Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century
» Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965
» Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries
» Smokers and Other Risk Factors
» Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU
» Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry
» The Cigarette as a Vehicle for Nicotine Release
» Modifications of Nicotine Release
» Maintaining Nicotine Dependence Nicotine and Dependence
» Marketing of Cigarettes with a “Reduced” Health Risk
» Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers
» Optimising Nicotine Release Nicotine and Dependence
» Importance of Absorption Rate
» Ammonium and pH Manipulation
» Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield
» Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes
» Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs
» Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Nicotine
» Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine
» Types of Dependence Nicotine Dependence
» Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence
» Genetic Aspects Nicotine Dependence
» Withdrawal Symptoms Nicotine Dependence
» Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking
» Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
» Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis
» Peptide Receptors, Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer
» Pathophysiology of COPD Cigarette Smoking and COPD
» Genetic Factors Important Risk Factors for COPD
» Occupational and Environmental Factors
» Caveats Concerning the Informative Value of Studies
» Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults
» Bronchial Asthma in Children
» Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking
» Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction
» Changes in Endothelial Function and Microcirculation
» Microcirculation and O Systemic Vascular Changes
» Arteriosclerotic and Inflammatory Vascular Reactions
» Genetic Factors Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
» Nicotine and Ischaemic Heart Disease
» Cognitive Impairment Central Nervous System
» Influence on Cognitive Performance
» Intellectual Impairment in Childhood
» Smoker Personality Profiles and Genetic Inheritance of Smoking
» Peculiarities of the Smoker’s Personality
» Reasons for Increased Cigarette Consumption
» Comorbidity Between Depression and Smoking
» Extent of Cigarette Consumption
» Effects of Smoking in Forms of Dementia
» Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease
» Diabetic Retinopathy Ocular Diseases
» Graves’ Ophthalmopathy Ocular Diseases
» Macular Degeneration Ocular Diseases
» Ocular Tumours Ocular Diseases
» Retinal Detachment Ocular Diseases
» Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism
» Insulin Resistance Diabetic Nephropathy
» Oesophageal Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Gastrointestinal Ulcers Gastrointestinal Tract
» Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
» Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Toxic Substances and Inducers
» Kidney Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Bladder Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer
» Fertility Disorders Urinary Tract Diseases
» Vitamin D and Oestrogen Metabolism
» Osteoporosis Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Hip Fractures Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Skin Changes Skin and Mucosa
» Skin Tumours Skin and Mucosa
» Breast Cancer Skin and Mucosa
» Effects of Smoking on the Placenta
» Malformations Possibly Caused by Smoking
» Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS
» Effects of Nicotine on the Foetus
» Medical Care Costs Attributable to Smoking During Pregnancy
» ETS in the Workplace and at Home
» Fibrinogen Cholesterol Endothelium and Platelets
» Markers of Inflammation Changes at the Molecular and Cellular Level
» Passive Smoking During and After Pregnancy
» Coronary Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease
» Stroke and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
» Respiratory Tract in Children and Teenagers
» Bronchial Carcinoma Respiratory Tract
» Indications and Diagnostic Considerations
» Self-Help Interventions by the Smoker
» Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation
» Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes
» Mass Media Communication Strategies
» E-Learning, Email and Internet for Smoking Cessation
» Evaluation of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Nicotine
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Nicotine Nasal Spray
» Treatment and Dosage Nicotine
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Patch Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Nasal Spray Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Inhaler Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Lozenge Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Drug Interactions During Smoking Cessation
» Contraindications for the Use of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Formulations as OTC Products
» Contraindications and Drug Interactions
» Tranquillisers and Buspirone Other Pharmacotherapies
» Various Antidepressants Other Pharmacotherapies
» Opioid Antagonists Other Pharmacotherapies
» Silver Acetate Other Pharmacotherapies
» Therapeutic Monitoring in Smoking Cessation
» Ischaemic Heart Disease Special Therapeutic Situations
» Pregnancy Special Therapeutic Situations
» Weight Gain Special Therapeutic Situations
» Alcohol Consumption Special Therapeutic Situations
» Organic Depression Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Schizophrenic Patients Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Administration of Psychopharmaceuticals
» Pre-operative Smoking Cessation Special Therapeutic Situations
» Social Influence Inoculation Strategy
» Life Skills Strategy Prevention Programmes for Schools
» Class 2000 Health Promotion Programme
» Trier University Health Programme Long-Term Studies
» Role of Teachers in Primary Prevention
» Prevention by Restricting Sales of Tobacco Products to Minors
» Role of the Mass Media in Sales of Tobacco Products to Adolescents
» Role of Government and Community in Primary Prevention
» Effect of Tobacco Industry Advertising Messages
» Tobacco Advertising and Adolescent Smoking Initiation
» Advertising with “Light” Cigarettes
» Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces
» Tobacco Industry, Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations
» Politicians and Their Attitude to Smoking
» Scientists and the Tobacco Industry
» Governmental Control of Toxic Tobacco Constituents
» Bans on Advertising in Various Countries
» Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking
» Smoking and Non-smoking: Weighing the Benefits
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