Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry

3.2 Constituents of Tobacco

Cigarettes฀are฀smoked฀because฀of฀nicotine,฀the฀substance฀which฀is฀responsible฀for฀the฀desired฀ psychological฀reactions฀and฀for฀the฀dependence฀that฀develops฀within฀a฀few฀years.฀Apart฀from฀ nicotine,฀tobacco฀leaves฀also฀contain฀some฀2,500฀constituents฀such฀as฀polynuclear฀aromatic฀ hydrocarbons฀benzanthracene,฀benzo[a]pyrene,฀aza-arenes฀dibenzacridine,฀dibenzcarba- zole,฀N-nitrosamines,฀aromatic฀amines฀2-toluidine,฀4-aminobiphenyl,฀2-naphthylamine,฀ acrylonitrile,฀crotonaldehyde,฀vinyl฀chloride,฀formaldehyde,฀benzene฀as฀well฀as฀inorganic฀ compounds฀CO,฀CN,฀CS 2 ,฀As,฀Ni,฀Cd,฀Cr,฀Pb,฀ 210 Po฀etc.฀see฀Tables฀ 3.1 ฀and฀ 3.2 . However,฀the฀smoker฀inhales฀a฀mixture฀of฀more฀than฀4,000฀ [21] ฀varyingly฀toxic฀sub- stances,฀some฀of฀which฀are฀listed฀in฀Table฀ 3.1 .฀These฀include฀carcinogens,฀various฀organic฀ compounds,฀solvents,฀heavy฀metals฀as฀well฀as฀gaseous฀substances฀also฀possessing฀health- damaging฀properties,฀with฀carbon฀monoxide฀CO฀at฀the฀top฀of฀the฀list.฀In฀addition,฀there฀ are฀the฀600฀or฀so฀substances฀added฀by฀the฀tobacco฀companies฀during฀the฀cigarette฀manu- facturing฀process฀ [21,฀22] .฀Table฀ 3.3 ฀lists฀the฀major฀toxic฀agents฀in฀mainstream฀smoke. The฀ combustion฀ products฀ that฀ are฀ formed฀ during฀ smoking฀ differ฀ in฀ composition,฀ depending฀on฀whether฀they฀are฀formed฀by฀pyrolysis฀in฀mainstream฀or฀side-stream฀smoke.฀ Temperatures฀of฀860–900°C฀are฀attained฀in฀the฀burning฀zone฀for฀mainstream฀smoke฀com- pared฀with฀only฀500–650°C฀for฀side-stream฀smoke฀cf.฀Fig.฀ 3.1 .฀Side-stream฀smoke฀should฀ Table 3.1 ฀฀฀Constituents฀a฀select฀list฀from฀some฀4,000฀compounds฀of฀fresh,฀undiluted฀mainstream฀ tobacco฀smoke,฀produced฀using฀a฀smoking฀machine฀1฀puffmin,฀puff฀duration฀2฀s,฀35฀ml฀smoke฀ volume,฀i.e.฀10฀puffscigarette฀ [106] Compounds฀in฀the฀gas฀ phase Amount฀in฀ mainstream฀smoke฀ mgcigarette Compounds฀in฀the฀฀ gas฀phase Amount฀in฀ mainstream฀smoke฀ mgcigarette Carbon฀monoxide 10,000–23,000 Nicotine 1,000–2,500 Carbonyl฀sulphide 18–42 Phenol 60–140 Benzene 12–48 Hydroquinone 110–300 Toluene 160 Aniline 0.36 Formaldehyde 70–100 2-Toluidine 0.16 Acrolein 60–100 Benz[o]anthracene 0.02–0.07 Acetone 100–250 Benz[o]pyrene 0.02–0.04 Pyridine 16–40 g -Butyrolactone 10–22 Ammonium 50–130 Harmane 1.7–3.1 3-Methylpyridine 12–36 N′-Nitrosonornicotine 0.2–3 3-Vinylpyridine 11–30 NNK 0.1–1 Prussic฀acid 400–500 Cadmium 0.1 Nitric฀oxides 100–600 Nickel 0.02–0.08 N-Nitrosodimethylamine 0.01–0.04 Zinc 0.06 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 0.006–0.03 210 Polonium 0.04–0.1฀pCi The฀table฀does฀not฀take฀into฀account฀the฀toxic฀substances฀in฀side-stream฀smoke,฀which฀also฀constitute฀a฀ danger฀for฀the฀smoker฀and฀passive฀smoker.฀Particularly฀toxic฀substances฀are฀shown฀in฀italic฀typeface NNK฀4-N-methyl-N-nitrosamino-1-3฀pyridyl-1-butanone Table 3.2 ฀฀฀Selected฀carcinogens฀in฀tobacco฀smoke฀of฀non-ilter฀cigarettes฀NFC Agent Concentration NFC IARC฀evaluation,฀evidence฀of฀carcinogenity฀in Lab฀animals Humans Group PAH Benzaanthracene 20–70฀ng S 2° Benzoapyrene 20–40฀ng S P 2A Indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene 4–20฀ng S 2B Heterocyclic฀compounds Dibenza,jacridine 3–10฀ng S 2B Furan 18–37฀ng S 2B N-Nitrosoamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2–180฀ng S 2A N-Nitrosodiethylamine ND-2.8฀ng S 2A N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 3–110฀ng S 2B 4-Methylnitrosoamino-฀ 1-pyridyl-1-butanone 80–770฀ng S 2B Aromatic฀amines 2-naphthylamine 1–334฀ng S S 1 4-Aminobiphenyl 2–5.6฀ng S S 1 N-heterocyclic฀amines AaC 25–260฀ng S 2B PhlP 11–23฀ng S P 2A Aldehyde Formaldehyde 70–100฀mg S L 2A Acetaldehyde 500–1,400฀mg S I 2B Volatile฀hydrocarbons 1,3-Butadiene 20–75฀mg S I 2B Benzene 20–70฀mg S S 1 Miscellaneous฀organic฀compounds Acrylonitrile 3–15฀mg S L 2A Vinyl฀chloride 11–15฀ng S S 1 DDT 800–1,200฀mg S P 2B DDE 200–370฀mg S 2B Catechol 100–360฀mg S 2B Ethylene฀oxide 7฀mg S S 1 Propylene฀oxide 12–100฀mg S 2B Inorganic฀compounds Hydrazine 24–43฀ng S I 2B Arsenic 40–120฀mg I S 1 Nickel ND-600฀ng S S 1 Chromium฀only฀ hexavalent 4–70฀ng S S 1 Cadmium 7–350฀ng S S 1 Cobalt 0.13–0.2฀ng S I 2B Lead 34–85฀ng S I 2B Polonium-210 0.03–1.0฀pCi S S 1 S฀suficient;฀I฀inadequate;฀P฀probable,฀possible;฀L฀limited;฀ND฀not฀detected;฀PAH฀polynuclear฀aromatic฀ hydrocarbons;฀ AaC฀ 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,฀฀3-b]indole;฀ PhlP฀ 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo฀ [4,฀5-b]pyridine;฀IARC฀Monographs฀on฀the฀Evaluation฀of฀Carcinogenic฀Risks:฀1:฀Human฀carcinogen;฀ 2A:฀probably฀carcinogenic฀in฀humans;฀2B:฀possibly฀carcinogenic฀to฀humans฀ [23]