Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry
3.2 Constituents of Tobacco
Cigarettesaresmokedbecauseofnicotine,thesubstancewhichisresponsibleforthedesired psychologicalreactionsandforthedependencethatdevelopswithinafewyears.Apartfrom nicotine,tobaccoleavesalsocontainsome2,500constituentssuchaspolynucleararomatic hydrocarbonsbenzanthracene,benzo[a]pyrene,aza-arenesdibenzacridine,dibenzcarba- zole,N-nitrosamines,aromaticamines2-toluidine,4-aminobiphenyl,2-naphthylamine, acrylonitrile,crotonaldehyde,vinylchloride,formaldehyde,benzeneaswellasinorganic compoundsCO,CN,CS 2 ,As,Ni,Cd,Cr,Pb, 210 Poetc.seeTables 3.1 and 3.2 . However,thesmokerinhalesamixtureofmorethan4,000 [21] varyinglytoxicsub- stances,someofwhicharelistedinTable 3.1 .Theseincludecarcinogens,variousorganic compounds,solvents,heavymetalsaswellasgaseoussubstancesalsopossessinghealth- damagingproperties,withcarbonmonoxideCOatthetopofthelist.Inaddition,there arethe600orsosubstancesaddedbythetobaccocompaniesduringthecigarettemanu- facturingprocess [21,22] .Table 3.3 liststhemajortoxicagentsinmainstreamsmoke. The combustion products that are formed during smoking differ in composition, dependingonwhethertheyareformedbypyrolysisinmainstreamorside-streamsmoke. Temperaturesof860–900°Careattainedintheburningzoneformainstreamsmokecom- paredwithonly500–650°Cforside-streamsmokecf.Fig. 3.1 .Side-streamsmokeshould Table 3.1 Constituentsaselectlistfromsome4,000compoundsoffresh,undilutedmainstream tobaccosmoke,producedusingasmokingmachine1puffmin,puffduration2s,35mlsmoke volume,i.e.10puffscigarette [106] Compoundsinthegas phase Amountin mainstreamsmoke mgcigarette Compoundsinthe gasphase Amountin mainstreamsmoke mgcigarette Carbonmonoxide 10,000–23,000 Nicotine 1,000–2,500 Carbonylsulphide 18–42 Phenol 60–140 Benzene 12–48 Hydroquinone 110–300 Toluene 160 Aniline 0.36 Formaldehyde 70–100 2-Toluidine 0.16 Acrolein 60–100 Benz[o]anthracene 0.02–0.07 Acetone 100–250 Benz[o]pyrene 0.02–0.04 Pyridine 16–40 g -Butyrolactone 10–22 Ammonium 50–130 Harmane 1.7–3.1 3-Methylpyridine 12–36 N′-Nitrosonornicotine 0.2–3 3-Vinylpyridine 11–30 NNK 0.1–1 Prussicacid 400–500 Cadmium 0.1 Nitricoxides 100–600 Nickel 0.02–0.08 N-Nitrosodimethylamine 0.01–0.04 Zinc 0.06 N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 0.006–0.03 210 Polonium 0.04–0.1pCi Thetabledoesnottakeintoaccountthetoxicsubstancesinside-streamsmoke,whichalsoconstitutea dangerforthesmokerandpassivesmoker.Particularlytoxicsubstancesareshowninitalictypeface NNK4-N-methyl-N-nitrosamino-1-3pyridyl-1-butanone Table 3.2 Selectedcarcinogensintobaccosmokeofnon-iltercigarettesNFC Agent Concentration NFC IARCevaluation,evidenceofcarcinogenityin Labanimals Humans Group PAH Benzaanthracene 20–70ng S 2° Benzoapyrene 20–40ng S P 2A Indeno1,2,3-cdpyrene 4–20ng S 2B Heterocycliccompounds Dibenza,jacridine 3–10ng S 2B Furan 18–37ng S 2B N-Nitrosoamines N-Nitrosodimethylamine 2–180ng S 2A N-Nitrosodiethylamine ND-2.8ng S 2A N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 3–110ng S 2B 4-Methylnitrosoamino- 1-pyridyl-1-butanone 80–770ng S 2B Aromaticamines 2-naphthylamine 1–334ng S S 1 4-Aminobiphenyl 2–5.6ng S S 1 N-heterocyclicamines AaC 25–260ng S 2B PhlP 11–23ng S P 2A Aldehyde Formaldehyde 70–100mg S L 2A Acetaldehyde 500–1,400mg S I 2B Volatilehydrocarbons 1,3-Butadiene 20–75mg S I 2B Benzene 20–70mg S S 1 Miscellaneousorganiccompounds Acrylonitrile 3–15mg S L 2A Vinylchloride 11–15ng S S 1 DDT 800–1,200mg S P 2B DDE 200–370mg S 2B Catechol 100–360mg S 2B Ethyleneoxide 7mg S S 1 Propyleneoxide 12–100mg S 2B Inorganiccompounds Hydrazine 24–43ng S I 2B Arsenic 40–120mg I S 1 Nickel ND-600ng S S 1 Chromiumonly hexavalent 4–70ng S S 1 Cadmium 7–350ng S S 1 Cobalt 0.13–0.2ng S I 2B Lead 34–85ng S I 2B Polonium-210 0.03–1.0pCi S S 1 Ssuficient;Iinadequate;Pprobable,possible;Llimited;NDnotdetected;PAHpolynucleararomatic hydrocarbons; AaC 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole; PhlP 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine;IARCMonographsontheEvaluationofCarcinogenicRisks:1:Humancarcinogen; 2A:probablycarcinogenicinhumans;2B:possiblycarcinogenictohumans [23]Parts
» Tobacco Plants and Their Origin Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes
» The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans
» Development of the Cigarette
» Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds
» Women Won Over by the Cigarette
» The Medical Use of Tobacco in the Nineteenth Century
» Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century
» Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century
» Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965
» Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries
» Smokers and Other Risk Factors
» Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU
» Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry
» The Cigarette as a Vehicle for Nicotine Release
» Modifications of Nicotine Release
» Maintaining Nicotine Dependence Nicotine and Dependence
» Marketing of Cigarettes with a “Reduced” Health Risk
» Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers
» Optimising Nicotine Release Nicotine and Dependence
» Importance of Absorption Rate
» Ammonium and pH Manipulation
» Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield
» Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes
» Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs
» Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Nicotine
» Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine
» Types of Dependence Nicotine Dependence
» Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence
» Genetic Aspects Nicotine Dependence
» Withdrawal Symptoms Nicotine Dependence
» Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking
» Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
» Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis
» Peptide Receptors, Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer
» Pathophysiology of COPD Cigarette Smoking and COPD
» Genetic Factors Important Risk Factors for COPD
» Occupational and Environmental Factors
» Caveats Concerning the Informative Value of Studies
» Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults
» Bronchial Asthma in Children
» Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking
» Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction
» Changes in Endothelial Function and Microcirculation
» Microcirculation and O Systemic Vascular Changes
» Arteriosclerotic and Inflammatory Vascular Reactions
» Genetic Factors Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
» Nicotine and Ischaemic Heart Disease
» Cognitive Impairment Central Nervous System
» Influence on Cognitive Performance
» Intellectual Impairment in Childhood
» Smoker Personality Profiles and Genetic Inheritance of Smoking
» Peculiarities of the Smoker’s Personality
» Reasons for Increased Cigarette Consumption
» Comorbidity Between Depression and Smoking
» Extent of Cigarette Consumption
» Effects of Smoking in Forms of Dementia
» Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease
» Diabetic Retinopathy Ocular Diseases
» Graves’ Ophthalmopathy Ocular Diseases
» Macular Degeneration Ocular Diseases
» Ocular Tumours Ocular Diseases
» Retinal Detachment Ocular Diseases
» Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism
» Insulin Resistance Diabetic Nephropathy
» Oesophageal Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Gastrointestinal Ulcers Gastrointestinal Tract
» Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
» Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Toxic Substances and Inducers
» Kidney Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Bladder Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer
» Fertility Disorders Urinary Tract Diseases
» Vitamin D and Oestrogen Metabolism
» Osteoporosis Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Hip Fractures Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Skin Changes Skin and Mucosa
» Skin Tumours Skin and Mucosa
» Breast Cancer Skin and Mucosa
» Effects of Smoking on the Placenta
» Malformations Possibly Caused by Smoking
» Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS
» Effects of Nicotine on the Foetus
» Medical Care Costs Attributable to Smoking During Pregnancy
» ETS in the Workplace and at Home
» Fibrinogen Cholesterol Endothelium and Platelets
» Markers of Inflammation Changes at the Molecular and Cellular Level
» Passive Smoking During and After Pregnancy
» Coronary Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease
» Stroke and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
» Respiratory Tract in Children and Teenagers
» Bronchial Carcinoma Respiratory Tract
» Indications and Diagnostic Considerations
» Self-Help Interventions by the Smoker
» Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation
» Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes
» Mass Media Communication Strategies
» E-Learning, Email and Internet for Smoking Cessation
» Evaluation of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Nicotine
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Nicotine Nasal Spray
» Treatment and Dosage Nicotine
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Patch Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Nasal Spray Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Inhaler Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Lozenge Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Drug Interactions During Smoking Cessation
» Contraindications for the Use of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Formulations as OTC Products
» Contraindications and Drug Interactions
» Tranquillisers and Buspirone Other Pharmacotherapies
» Various Antidepressants Other Pharmacotherapies
» Opioid Antagonists Other Pharmacotherapies
» Silver Acetate Other Pharmacotherapies
» Therapeutic Monitoring in Smoking Cessation
» Ischaemic Heart Disease Special Therapeutic Situations
» Pregnancy Special Therapeutic Situations
» Weight Gain Special Therapeutic Situations
» Alcohol Consumption Special Therapeutic Situations
» Organic Depression Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Schizophrenic Patients Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Administration of Psychopharmaceuticals
» Pre-operative Smoking Cessation Special Therapeutic Situations
» Social Influence Inoculation Strategy
» Life Skills Strategy Prevention Programmes for Schools
» Class 2000 Health Promotion Programme
» Trier University Health Programme Long-Term Studies
» Role of Teachers in Primary Prevention
» Prevention by Restricting Sales of Tobacco Products to Minors
» Role of the Mass Media in Sales of Tobacco Products to Adolescents
» Role of Government and Community in Primary Prevention
» Effect of Tobacco Industry Advertising Messages
» Tobacco Advertising and Adolescent Smoking Initiation
» Advertising with “Light” Cigarettes
» Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces
» Tobacco Industry, Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations
» Politicians and Their Attitude to Smoking
» Scientists and the Tobacco Industry
» Governmental Control of Toxic Tobacco Constituents
» Bans on Advertising in Various Countries
» Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking
» Smoking and Non-smoking: Weighing the Benefits
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